Bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy are usually performed on the back of the hipbone, or posterior iliac crest. An aspirate can also be obtained from the sternum (breastbone). For the sternal aspirate, the patient lies on their back, with a pillow under the shoulder to raise the chest. A trephine biopsy should never be performed on the sternum, due to the risk of injury to blood vessels, lungs or the heart.

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The need to selectively isolate and concentrate selective cells, such as mononuclear cells, allogeneic cancer cells, T cells and others, is driving the market. Over 30,000 bone marrow transplants occur every year. The explosive growth of stem cells therapies represents the largest growth opportunity for bone marrow processing systems.Europe and North America spearheaded the market as of 2016, by contributing over 74.0% to the overall revenue. Majority of stem cell transplants are conducted in Europe, and it is one of the major factors contributing to the lucrative share in the cell harvesting system market.

In 2016, North America dominated the research landscape as more than 54.0% of stem cell clinical trials were conducted in this region. The region also accounts for the second largest number of stem cell transplantation, which is further driving the demand for harvesting in the region.Asia Pacific is anticipated to witness lucrative growth over the forecast period, owing to rising incidence of chronic diseases and increasing demand for stem cell transplantation along with stem cell-based therapy.

Japan and China are the biggest markets for harvesting systems in Asia Pacific. Emerging countries such as Mexico, South Korea, and South Africa are also expected to report lucrative growth over the forecast period. Growing investment by government bodies on stem cell-based research and increase in aging population can be attributed to the increasing demand for these therapies in these countries.

Major players operating in the global bone marrow processing systems market are ThermoGenesis (Cesca Therapeutics inc.), RegenMed Systems Inc., MK Alliance Inc., Fresenius Kabi AG, Harvest Technologies (Terumo BCT), Arthrex, Inc. and others

Covid 19 Impact [emailprotected] https://www.trendsmarketresearch.com/report/covid-19-analysis/3184

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Bone Marrow Processing System Market: Development Factors and Investment Analysis by Leading Manufacturers - Cole of Duty

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Bone Marrow Processing System Market: Development Factors and Investment Analysis by Leading Manufacturers – Cole of Duty | May 24th, 2020

Bone marrow aspirationand trephine biopsy are usually performed on the back of the hipbone, or posterior iliac crest. An aspirate can also be obtained from the sternum (breastbone). For the sternal aspirate, the patient lies on their back, with a pillow under the shoulder to raise the chest. A trephine biopsy should never be performed on the sternum, due to the risk of injury to blood vessels, lungs or the heart.

The need to selectively isolate and concentrate selective cells, such as mononuclear cells, allogeneic cancer cells, T cells and others, is driving the market. Over 30,000 bone marrow transplants occur every year. The explosive growth of stem cells therapies represents the largest growth opportunity for bone marrow processing systems.

Get More Information at Professional:https://www.trendsmarketresearch.com/report/sample/3374

Europe and North America spearheaded the market as of 2018, by contributing over 74.0% to the overall revenue. Majority of stem cell transplants areconducted in Europe, and it is oneof the major factors contributing to the lucrative share in the cell harvesting system market.

In 2018, North America dominated the research landscape as more than 54.0% of stem cell clinical trials were conducted in this region. The region also accounts for the second largest number of stem cell transplantation, which is further driving the demand for harvesting in the region.

Asia Pacific is anticipated to witness lucrative growth over the forecast period, owing to rising incidence of chronic diseases and increasing demand for stem cell transplantation along with stem cell-based therapy.

Japan and China are the biggest markets for harvesting systems in Asia Pacific. Emerging countries such as Mexico, South Korea, and South Africa are also expected to report lucrative growth over the forecast period. Growing investment by government bodies on stem cell-based research and increase in aging population can be attributed to the increasing demand for these therapies in these countries.

Major players operating in the global bone marrow processing systems market are ThermoGenesis (Cesca Therapeutics inc.), RegenMed Systems Inc., MK Alliance Inc., Fresenius Kabi AG, Harvest Technologies (Terumo BCT), Arthrex, Inc. and others.

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Bone Marrow Processing Systems Market Quantitative Market Analysis, Current and Future Trends the COVID-19 - Cole of Duty

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Bone Marrow Processing Systems Market Quantitative Market Analysis, Current and Future Trends the COVID-19 – Cole of Duty | May 24th, 2020

The killer is not the virus but the immune response.

The current pandemic is unique not just because it is caused by a new virus that puts everyone at risk, but also because the range of innate immune responses is diverse and unpredictable. In some it is strong enough to kill. In others, it is relatively mild.

My research relates to innate immunity. Innate immunity is a persons inborn defense against pathogens that instruct the bodys adaptive immune system to produce antibodies against viruses. Those antibody responses can be later used for developing vaccination approaches. Working in the lab of Nobel laureate Bruce Beutler, I co-authored the paper that explained how the cells that make up the bodys innate immune system recognise pathogens, and how overreacting to them in general could be detrimental to the host. This is especially true in the Covid-19 patients who are overreacting to the virus.

I study inflammatory response and cell death, which are two principal components of the innate response. White blood cells called macrophages use a set of sensors to recognise the pathogen and produce proteins called cytokines, which trigger inflammation and recruit other cells of the innate immune system for help. In addition, macrophages instruct the adaptive immune system to learn about the pathogen and ultimately produce antibodies.

To survive within the host, successful pathogens silence the inflammatory response. They do this by blocking the ability of macrophages to release cytokines and alert the rest of the immune system. To counteract the viruss silencing, infected cells commit suicide, or cell death. Although detrimental at the cellular level, cell death is beneficial at the level of the organism because it stops proliferation of the pathogen.

For example, the pathogen that caused the bubonic plague, which killed half of the human population in Europe between 1347 and 1351, was able to disable, or silence, peoples white blood cells and proliferate in them, ultimately causing the death of the individual. However, in rodents the infection played out differently. Just the infected macrophages of rodents died, thus limiting proliferation of the pathogen in the rodents bodies which enabled them to survive.

The silent response to plague is strikingly different from the violent response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19. This suggests that keeping the right balance of innate response is crucial for the survival of Covid-19 patients.

Heres how an overreaction from the immune system can endanger a person fighting off an infection. Some of the proteins that trigger inflammation, named chemokines, alert other immune cells like neutrophils, which are professional microbe eaters to convene at the site of infections where they can arrive first and digest the pathogen.

Others cytokines such as interleukin 1b, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor guide neutrophils from the blood vessels to the infected tissue. These cytokines can increase heartbeat, elevate body temperature, trigger blood clots that trap the pathogen and stimulate the neurons in the brain to modulate body temperature, fever, weight loss and other physiological responses that have evolved to kill the virus.

When the production of these same cytokines is uncontrolled, immunologists describe the situation as a cytokine storm. During a cytokine storm, the blood vessels widen further a process known an vasolidation leading to low blood pressure and widespread blood vessel injury. The storm triggers a flood of white blood cells to enter the lungs, which in turn summon more immune cells that target and kill virus-infected cells. The result of this battle is a stew of fluid and dead cells, and subsequent organ failure.

The cytokine storm is a centerpiece of the Covid-19 pathology with devastating consequences for the host.

When the cells fail to terminate the inflammatory response, production of the cytokines make macrophages hyperactive. The hyperactivated macrophages destroy the stem cells in the bone marrow, which leads to anemia. Heightened interleukin 1b results in fever and organ failure. The excessive tumor necrosis factor causes massive death of the cells lining the blood vessels, which become clotted. At some point, the storm becomes unstoppable and irreversible.

One strategy behind the treatments for Covid-19 is, in part, based on breaking the vicious cycle of the cytokine storm. This can be done by using antibodies to block the primary mediators of the storm, like IL6, or its receptor, which is present on all cells of the body.

Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor can be achieved with FDA-approved antibody drugs like Remicade or Humira or with a soluble receptor such as Enbrel originally developed by Bruce Beutler which binds to tumor necrosis factor and prevents it from triggering inflammation. The global market for tumor necrosis factor inhibitors is $22 billion.

Drugs that block various cytokines are now in clinical trials to test whether they are effective for stopping the deadly spiral in Covid-19.

Alexander (Sasha) Poltorak, Professor of Immunology, Tufts University.

This article first appeared on The Conversation.

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What is a cytokine storm? And why is its prevention key to treating Covid-19? - Scroll.in

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on What is a cytokine storm? And why is its prevention key to treating Covid-19? – Scroll.in | May 24th, 2020

Exosome Therapeutic Marketanalyses the current market size, status, enterprise competition pattern, advantages and disadvantages of enterprise products, development trends regional industrial layout characteristics and macroeconomic policies and industrial policy. By focusing on all the necessities and requirements of the businesses for achieving a successful business growth, the Exosome Therapeutic Market Report are created. The CAGR values estimate the fluctuation about the rise or fall of demand for the specific forecasted period with respect to investment. The Exosome Therapeutic Market report also recognizes and analyses the expanding trends along with major drivers, restraints, challenges and opportunities in the market.

Exosome Therapeutic Marketis expected to gain market growth in the forecast period of 2019 to 2026. Data Bridge Market Research analyses that the market is growing with a CAGR of 21.9% in the forecast period of 2019 to 2026 and expected to reach USD 31,691.52 million by 2026 from USD 6,500.00 million in 2018.

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Synopsis of Global Exosome Therapeutic Market:-Exosomes is used to transfer RNA, DNA, and proteins to other cells in the body by making alteration in the function of the target cells. Increasing research activities in exosome therapeutic is augmenting the market growth as demand for exosome therapeutic has increased among healthcare professionals.

Increased number of exosome therapeutics as compared to the past few years will accelerate the market growth. Companies are receiving funding for exosome therapeutic research and clinical trials. For instance, In September 2018, EXOCOBIO has raised USD 27 million in its series B funding. The company has raised USD 46 million as series a funding in April 2017. The series B funding will help the company to set up GMP-compliant exosome industrial facilities to enhance production of exosomes to commercialize in cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry.

Some Of The Major Competitors Currently Working In Global Exosome Therapeutic Market Are:Bayer AG, Iso-Tex Diagnostics, Inc., Bracco Diagnostic Inc., Novalek Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., iMAX, Taejoon Pharm, Unijules Medicals Ltd, General Electric, Guerbet LLC, J.B.Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd among others players domestic and global. DBMR analysts understand competitive strengths and provide competitive analysis for each competitor separately.

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North America Dominates The Exosome Therapeutic Market as the U.S. Is leaderin exosome therapeutic manufacturing as well as research activities required for exosome therapeutics. At present time Stem Cells Group holding shares around 60.00%. In addition global exosomes therapeutics manufacturers like EXOCOBIO, evox THERAPEUTICS and others are intensifying their efforts in China. The Europe region is expected to grow with the highest growth rate in the forecast period of 2019 to 2026 because of increasing research activities in exosome therapeutic by population.

Huge Investment by Automakers for Exosome Therapeutics and New Technology Penetration

Global exosome therapeutic market also provides you with detailed market analysis for every country growth in pharma industry with exosome therapeutic sales, impact of technological development in exosome therapeutic and changes in regulatory scenarios with their support for the exosome therapeutic market. The data is available for historic period 2010 to 2017.

Browse in-depth TOC on Exosome Therapeutic Market

50 Tables

250 No of Figures

150 Pages

This Exosome Therapeutic Market report contains all aspects that are directly or indirectly related to the multiple areas of the global market. Our experts have carefully collated the global Exosome Therapeutic Market data and estimated the change in the forecast period. This information in the report helps customers make accurate decisions about market activity Exosome Therapeutic Market based on forecasting trends. This report also discusses current or future policy research or regulations that must be initiated by management and market strategies.

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Global Exosome Therapeutic Market Scope and Market Size

Global Exosome Therapeutic Market is segmented of the basis of type, source, therapy, transporting capacity, application, route of administration and end user. The growth among segments helps you analyse niche pockets of growth and strategies to approach the market and determine your core application areas and the difference in your target markets.

Based on type, the market is segmented into natural exosomes and hybrid exosomes. Natural exosomes are dominating in the market because natural exosomes are used in various biological and pathological processes as well as natural exosomes has many advantages such as good biocompatibility and reduced clearance rate compare than hybrid exosomes.

Based on therapy, the market is segmented into immunotherapy, gene therapy and chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is dominating in the market because chemotherapy is basically used in treatment of cancer which is major public health issues. The multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins and various tumors associated exosomes such as miRNA and IncRNA are include in in chemotherapy associated resistance.

Based on transporting capacity, the market is segmented into bio macromolecules and small molecules. Bio macromolecules are dominating in the market because bio macromolecules transmit particular biomolecular information and are basically investigated for their delicate properties such as biomarker source and delivery system

Based on application, the market is segmented into oncology, neurology, metabolic disorders, cardiac disorders, blood disorders, inflammatory disorders, gynecology disorders, organ transplantation and others. Oncology segment is dominating in the market due to rising incidence of various cancers such as lung cancer, breast cancer, leukemia, skin cancer, lymphoma. As per the National Cancer Institute, in 2018 around 1,735,350 new cases of cancer was diagnosed in the U.S. As per the American Cancer Society Inc in 2019 approximately 268,600 new cases of breast cancer diagnosed in the U.S.To be continued..Detailed Segmentation ofExosome Therapeutic Market

The Countries Covered In The Exosome Therapeutic Market Report Are U.S., Canada and Mexico in North America, Germany, France, U.K., Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Rest of Europe in Europe, China, Japan, India, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Rest of Asia-Pacific in the Asia-Pacific, South Africa, Rest of Middle East and Africa as a part of Middle East and Africa, Brazil and Rest of South America as part of South America.

Along with the elaborated information about the key contenders, the globalExosome Therapeutic Marketreport efficiently provides information by segmenting the market on the basis of the type services and products offerings, form of the product, applications of the final products, technology on which the product is based, and others. The report is also bifurcated the market on the basis of regions to analyze the growth pattern of the market in different geographical areas.

The Exosome Therapeutic Market report includes the leading advancements and technological up-gradation that engages the user to inhabit with fine business selections, define their future-based priority growth plans, and to implement the necessary actions. The global Exosome Therapeutic Market report also offers a detailed summary of key players and their manufacturing procedure with statistical data and profound analysis of the products, contribution, and revenue.

Global Exosome Therapeutic Market Report includes Detailed TOC points:

1 Introduction

2Market Segmentation

3 Market Overview

3.3 Opportunities

4 Executive Summaries

5 Premium Insights

6 Regulatory Procedure

7 Global Exosome Therapeutic Market, By Type

8 Global Exosome Therapeutic Market, by disease type

9 Global Exosome Therapeutic Market, By Deployment

10 Global Exosome Therapeutic Market, By End User

11 Global Exosome Therapeutic Market, By Distribution Channel

12 Global Exosome Therapeutic Market, By Geography

13 Global Exosome Therapeutic Market, Company Landscape

14 Company Profile

Continued!!!

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Exosome Therapeutic Market Size, Share, Trends, Global Research, Technology Implementation and Geographical Overview Till 2027 - Cole of Duty

Cardiac Stem Cells Comments Off on Exosome Therapeutic Market Size, Share, Trends, Global Research, Technology Implementation and Geographical Overview Till 2027 – Cole of Duty | May 24th, 2020

New research has identified two actives that can prevent stem cell decline as we age and increase collagen 17 levels in cells. It was published in Nature last year and has just been covered in Scientific American. The study was described as elegant by a prominent dermatologist, not involved in the project. As I am always on the look out for next big thing in antiaging skincare, I pounced.

Ill cut straight to the car chase. The two actives are Y27632 and apocynin and I was curious to see if they could be tracked down outside of a lab and, perhaps, in our potions and lotions. The first is a chemical that I havent been able to track down. Happily, I had better luck with apocynin.

Apocynin has been identified in a specific strain of cannabis, but also in cloudberry. And rubus chamaemorus (AKA cloudberry) seed oil is in a facial oil by Keracell. Ill post a link at the end of this article.

So, how do Y27632 and apocynin work? Emi Nishimura, a professor of stem cell biology at Tokyo Medical and Dental University in Japan, revealed that aging and UV exposure deplete stem cells of a crucial collagen protein. Heres what happens.

As part of normal skin health, the top layer of the epidermis is constantly being sloughed off and replaced from a self-replenishing pool of stem cells in the basal layer. These stem cells have roots that anchor them to a thin piece of tissue called the basement membrane that connects the epidermis and the dermis. Only when tethered can they replicate and mature into another type of cell.

This is where collagen 17 comes in. This collagen protein does the tethering (see the "adhesive molecule" in the illustration above), rooting the stem cell to the basement membrane. As stem cells become damaged, they lose precious amounts of collagen 17. The more protein they lose, the weaker their bond to the basement membrane, until eventually they are forced out by neighboring healthy cells.

Thats why this study is potentially a breakthrough. It has identified the process, the key protein that needs to be replenished and the chemicals that might just be able to do that.

You can find rubus chamaemorus (AKA cloudberry) seed oil and a potential source of apocynin in KERACELL Liquid Gold Enriching Elixir ($160 in the shop).

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New research could be a breakthough in collagen and stem cell research - Truth In Aging

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on New research could be a breakthough in collagen and stem cell research – Truth In Aging | May 23rd, 2020

COVID-19 is not an equal-opportunity illness. Older people and patients with chronic conditions are, on average, far more vulnerable to suffering serious illness and death from the disease than younger people without ongoing health problems. Although the data are not as clear, cancer patients are also among those vulnerable to the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 and more likely to suffer its serious consequences.

Oncologists around the country, supported and informed by guidance from healthcare leaders and professional associations, are reviewing the available research and carefully weighing treatment decisions. Many patients, with their physicians, are wrestling with question of whether the risks associated with putting off their cancer treatment are greater than the risk of COVID-19.

Randall Oyer, M.D., a medical oncologist at Lancaster General Health, a health system in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, says that in addition to understanding that cancer patients are a vulnerable group, healthcare leaders need to recognize that cancer patients are at heightened risk of contracting COVID-19 in the hospital.

Oyer says research from early COVID-19 hot spots such as China, Italy and the Seattle area suggests that patients with lung, liver and some types of gastrointestinal tumors, as well as hematologic malignancies, are at greater risk of suffering COVID-19 than patients with other kinds of cancer. Sparse as these data may be, they should still guide decision-making by oncologists and healthcare leaders, Oyer says. Many professional associations are providing guidance to oncologists during the outbreak, including the Association of Community Cancer Centers (Oyer is the president), the American Society of Clinical Oncology, the American Society of Hematology, the American Society for Radiation Oncology and the American College of Surgeons.

Agility and collaboration

Patients with cancers of the lung, the liver and possibly the gastrointestinal system are at increased risk of COVID-19 because the SARS-CoV-2 virus attaches to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) that is highly expressed in these organs and system, explains Oyer. ACE2 paves the way to cancer cells in these areas and acts as a welcome mat for SARS-CoV-2, he says.

Its a different story with hematologic cancers, which include the leukemias, the lymphomas and multiple myeloma. The cancers themselves reduce immunity and make people vulnerable to infection because they interfere with the production of healthy levels of lymphocytes. In addition, the treatment of hematologic cancers targets the immune system and the bone marrow to get rid of the malignant cells, but it also affects noncancerous cells, further suppressing the patients immunologic defenses. Oyer describes the process as one in which the bouncers (been) removed from the door and cant defend against the virus.

Masumi Ueda, M.D., M.A., assistant medical director for inpatient blood and bone marrow transplant at the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, a hospital in its namesake city, says patients with compromised immune systems should adhere to the core recommendations for preventing COVID-19: Wash your hands, and maintain social distancing. Aside from that, theres not much more than we can do in the absence of a vaccine, she says.

Ueda was the lead author of an article in the April 2020 issue of the Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network describing the changes that the Seattle cancer hospital made in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. The title is telling: Managing Cancer Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Agility and Collaboration Toward a Common Goal. Ueda and her colleagues mingled advice with brief accounts of the steps they took to respond to COVID-19:

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Cancer Care in the Time of COVID-19 and After - Managed Healthcare Executive

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Cancer Care in the Time of COVID-19 and After – Managed Healthcare Executive | May 23rd, 2020

Courtesy of Alexander (Sasha) Poltorak, Tufts University

The killer is not the virus but the immune response.

The current pandemic is unique not just because it is caused by a new virus that puts everyone at risk, but also because the range of innate immune responses is diverse and unpredictable. In some it is strong enough to kill. In others it is relatively mild.

My research relates to innate immunity. Innate immunity is a persons inborn defense against pathogens that instruct the bodys adaptive immune system to produce antibodies against viruses. Those antibody responses can be later used for developing vaccination approaches. Working in the lab of Nobel laureate Bruce Beutler, I co-authored the paper that explained how the cells that make up the bodys innate immune system recognize pathogens, and how overreacting to them in general could be detrimental to the host. This is especially true in the COVID-19 patients who are overreacting to the virus.

I study inflammatory response and cell death, which are two principal components of the innate response. White blood cells called macrophages use a set of sensors to recognize the pathogen and produce proteins called cytokines, which trigger inflammation and recruit other cells of the innate immune system for help. In addition, macrophages instruct the adaptive immune system to learn about the pathogen and ultimately produce antibodies.

To survive within the host, successful pathogens silence the inflammatory response. They do this by blocking the ability of macrophages to release cytokines and alert the rest of the immune system. To counteract the viruss silencing, infected cells commit suicide, or cell death. Although detrimental at the cellular level, cell death is beneficial at the level of the organism because it stops proliferation of the pathogen.

For example, the pathogen that caused the bubonic plague, which killed half of the human population in Europe between 1347 and 1351, was able to disable, or silence, peoples white blood cells and proliferate in them, ultimately causing the death of the individual. However, in rodents the infection played out differently. Just the infected macrophages of rodents died, thus limiting proliferation of the pathogen in the rodents bodies which enabled them to survive.

The silent response to plague is strikingly different from the violent response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. This suggests that keeping the right balance of innate response is crucial for the survival of COVID-19 patients.

Heres how an overreaction from the immune system can endanger a person fighting off an infection.

Some of the proteins that trigger inflammation, named chemokines, alert other immune cells like neutrophils, which are professional microbe eaters to convene at the site of infections where they can arrive first and digest the pathogen.

Others cytokines such as interleukin 1b, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor guide neutrophils from the blood vessels to the infected tissue. These cytokines can increase heartbeat, elevate body temperature, trigger blood clots that trap the pathogen and stimulate the neurons in the brain to modulate body temperature, fever, weight loss and other physiological responses that have evolved to kill the virus.

When the production of these same cytokines is uncontrolled, immunologists describe the situation as a cytokine storm. During a cytokine storm, the blood vessels widen further (vasolidation), leading to low blood pressure and widespread blood vessel injury. The storm triggers a flood of white blood cells to enter the lungs, which in turn summon more immune cells that target and kill virus-infected cells. The result of this battle is a stew of fluid and dead cells, and subsequent organ failure.

The cytokine storm is a centerpiece of the COVID-19 pathology with devastating consequences for the host.

When the cells fail to terminate the inflammatory response, production of the cytokines make macrophages hyperactive. The hyperactivated macrophages destroy the stem cells in the bone marrow, which leads to anemia. Heightened interleukin 1b results in fever and organ failure. The excessive tumor necrosis factor causes massive death of the cells lining the blood vessels, which become clotted. At some point, the storm becomes unstoppable and irreversible.

One strategy behind the treatments for COVID is, in part, based in part on breaking the vicious cycle of the cytokine storm. This can be done by using antibodies to block the primary mediators of the storm, like IL6, or its receptor, which is present on all cells of the body.

Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor can be achieved with FDA-approved antibody drugs like Remicade or Humira or with a soluble receptor such as Enbrel (originally developed by Bruce Beutler) which binds to tumor necrosis factor and prevents it from triggering inflammation. The global market for tumor necrosis factor inhibitors is US$22 billion.

Drugs that block various cytokines are now in clinical trials to test whether they are effective for stopping the deadly spiral in COVID-19.

[Get facts about coronavirus and the latest research. Sign up for The Conversations newsletter.]

Alexander (Sasha) Poltorak, Professor of Immunology, Tufts University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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Blocking the deadly cytokine storm is a vital weapon for treating COVID-19 - TheStreet

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Blocking the deadly cytokine storm is a vital weapon for treating COVID-19 – TheStreet | May 23rd, 2020

THE world's top sports stars are preferring to use stem cell treatment, instead of undergoing major surgery that could leave them out for months.

Cristiano Ronaldo, Rafael Nadal, and most recently Mike Tyson have all tried the therapy, which can cost anywhere from 4,000 to 15,000, when they've suffered injury.

Ailments that can be treated, include tendon inflammation, muscle strain, arthritis, degenerative disc disease, and even bone fractures.

And sportsman who have undergone stem cell therapy are benefitting from improved results, as well as a faster recovery time.

Collected from the blood from a newborn babys umbilical cord, the bone marrow or from body fat, stem cells are injected into an athletes' affected area.

They get to work by replenishing damaged cells from an injury or through wear and tear.

Stem cells also help reduce pain and inflammation, increase blood flow, and promote soft-tissue growth.

It helps the body to heal naturally, and means sports stars can potentially avoid going under the surgeon's knife.

When you're a top sports star, if you get injured the first thing you want to do is get back into the thick of action as quick as possible.

Unfortunately, many injuries can take a long time to heal, and will never allow the sportsman in question to return to the same level he/she was at before the injury.

That's where stem cell treatment is a game-changer.

Forget surgery, steroid injections, and lengthy physiotherapy, which don't always repair the issue at hand.

Stem cell treatments offer an alternative, albeit at a price, to have a non-surgical therapy that's non-evasive and, more importantly, heals the problem fast cutting out the need of rehabilitation.

Better still, some patients have reported that the therapy has not only reversed existing damage, but has strengthened cells against further damage.

Juventus star Ronaldo and Spanish tennis hero Nadal are all fans of stem cell treatment.

Back in 2016, when the Portuguese forward was playing for Real Madrid, he suffered a hamstring tear that threatened to keep him out of action of an important Champions League game against Manchester City.

Although he missed the first leg, he was back for the second - less than three weeks after suffering the problem.

That same year, Ronaldo tore a collateral ligament in his knee during Portugals Euro 2016 final against France.

Again, he turned to stem cell treatment and was back in training with Los Blancos just a month after his knee complaint.

Nadal's chronic knee problems forced him to take seven months off from tennis in 2013.

But stem cell treatment allowed the cartilage to repair. In the seven years since he's won six Grand Slams, there's been no setbacks from his troublesome knee and he appears as mobile as ever.

The Spaniard also cured a long-standing back problem with the therapy.

The former heavyweight champion, who is considering making a comeback, is the latest name to have tried stem cell treatment.

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It is not known what Tyson, 53, was suffering from - but he was happy to reveal all in an Instagram chat with basketball legend Shaquille O'Neal.

Iron Mike said: "You know what I had done? I had stem-cell research therapy.

"I feel like a different person but I can't comprehend why I feel this way. It's really wild what scientists can do."

Excerpt from:
Tyson, Ronaldo, and more sports stars who use stem cell treatment costing up to 15,000 to speed up healing - The Sun

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Tyson, Ronaldo, and more sports stars who use stem cell treatment costing up to 15,000 to speed up healing – The Sun | May 22nd, 2020

Before he knew Anuroop, Vihaan (right) addressed him as the Superhero.

Vihaan is a bright and active 4-year-old boy. He is a thalassemia survivor. And just over a year ago, he desperately needed a bone marrow transplant.

Anuroop, is a young man from Kerala. He doesn't know Vihaan's family. He just felt that donating bone marrow for someone in need was the right thing to do after he got a call from Datri, a non-profit agency coordinating such donations.

Anuroop told NDTV, "Actually, it was a matter of choice. I got a call from Datri about one year ago and they discussed with me this matter. They said, 'A 4 year old child, he is suffering from Thalassemia. Maybe only you can save him.' But at that point, I was not sure that I would do it. But later, with the support of my family and people from Datri, I decided to do it."

Anuroop and Vihaan came face to face - on camera - for the first time ever on NDTV. Anuroop was clearly emotional as he saw images of an active Vihaan, flanked by his parents, grinning and waving at the screen. Bhavana, Vihaan's mother was emotional too as she set eyes for the first time on Anuroop, who has given the family life and hope.

She told NDTV, "He is the answer to all our prayers. When Vihaan was diagnosed when he was 6 months old, we didn't know how Vihaan is going to be. We didn't know what to do. And then we went to Dr Sunil Bhatt and we registered with Datri. They told us that the procedure of finding a match is very difficult. And then we found a donor so we just couldn't believe that we were blessed to find a donor. Those were anxious days. But yeah, glad now."

Asked how her son was doing, Bhavana said, "Young Vihaan is doing great, thanks to Dr Sunil, thanks to Anuroop and thanks to God's grace. Vihaan is doing well."

Looking at the screen in front of her which showed, Anuroop, Dr Bhatta and Gayathri Shenoy of Datri, she told her son '"Just say hi, Vihaan!" He did, with a cheery wave.

Anuroop was moved by the response. He said, "I'm super excited - I waited for too long. I waited for one year. From that day of donation, the whole family, he was always in my prayers. I'm super excited now. That's all."

Finding a matching donor in a case like this is a very difficult task. Vihaan's doctor, Dr Sunil Bhatt, is HoD, Paediatric Haematology, Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplantation at the Mazumdar Shaw Cancer Centre in Bengaluru. And this professional medical man admitted to the deep emotions he feels at such times when a donor meets a recipient. "It gives me goosebumps," he told NDTV.

"You do so many times, again and again, but every time when an unrelated donor meets a patient - it is always an emotional moment for all of us," he said.

"Vihaan was diagnosed with a disease called Thalassemia at six months of age. What happens in this disease is that they don't make their own blood. So they have to be given blood transfusions from outside every few weeks to sustain life and that is life-long. But what blood does is it brings its own complications along with it and many of those and unfortunately most of these children do not live more than second or third decade of life. So the only cure for this is bone marrow transplantation and as we all know for Bone Marrow Transplantation we need someone to donate for them. There has to be a healthy donor who can donate," he said.

To find a matching donor is far from easy. Dr Bhatt said, "Sometimes you'll find that in the families - the chances of that being 25-30 per cent. But 70 per cent of the patients who require transplants will not have anyone in their families to donate for them. So here comes the role of unrelated donor transplantations that means someone else in the same country, in the world who matches the patient. And the chances of that being one in 20,000 to one in a million. So it depends on what ethnic background you're from - South Indian is going to match South Indian, North Indian going to match North Indian - chances will be higher in your own ethnic community. And hence the registries play a huge role because they enrol these unrelated healthy donors, put them on their database and when patients like Vihaan require such transplantation we approach these registries and ask them if there is any donor in the registry who is matching our patient. If there is one, that person is requested to donate and they donate stem cells to save someone's life."

Datri helped coordinate this life saving procedure with its all-important database. Gayathri Shenoy, Head-Patient Relations of Datri told NDTV, "I represent Datri which is India's largest blood stem cell registry. We are 10 years old and we have about 4.4 lakh registered donors and 712 donations of that. But as you can imagine that is a very small number compared to the population of our country because there are so many patients who have blood cancer who are waiting for their Anuroop to show up."

Asked if it had been physically difficult to donate bone marrow, Anuroop said, "Physically not that hard - like I need some rest but it is not that hard. Anyone can do it anytime if they find a match. I didn't find it very difficult and all. I heard some cases like people will be hesitant to do something like this - but I didn't find anything that should people hesitate. It is an easy process and you would be given a general anaesthesia. You won't be knowing anything."

Bhavana said, We just wanted to say that everyday in our prayers all of these people have been there. We didn't know the donor - so he was just addressed as the Superhero Donor, because it was very difficult to make Vihaan understand. Dr. Sunil, Datri - I don't know what we would have done if it was not for Datri. So just feeling blessed.

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When A Bone Marrow Donor Met His 4-Year-Old Recipient For The First Time - NDTV

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on When A Bone Marrow Donor Met His 4-Year-Old Recipient For The First Time – NDTV | May 22nd, 2020

Leukaemia is the cancer of blood cells. Blood cells originate from HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells, in the bone marrow. Thereafter they undergo maturation process called hematopoiesis. Multipotent hematopoietic stem cells often undergo a process of differentiation while in maturation stage to give rise to progenitor cells of myeloid and lymphoid origin. These Myeloid cells include neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, macrophages, erythrocytes, dendritic cells, eosinophils, and megakaryocytes or platelets. While, Lymphoid cells include B cells, T cells and natural killer cells.

Recently in 2016, Global Leukaemia Therapeutics Market was valued at nearly USD 9.44 billion and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.1% between 2017 and 2022, accounting to market worth USD 11.97 billion by end of 2022.

The Final Report will cover the impact analysis of COVID-19 on this industry.

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Normally, the blood forming cells in the bone marrow produce leukocytes, that protects against viruses and bacteria. If these leukocytes get damaged and if they are left untreated they get accumulated in the body and invade in other parts like liver, spleen and central nervous system, hence damaging the entire body. The main reasons causing leukaemia are ionizing radiation, smoking, prior chemotherapy and Down syndrome.

Market Dynamics

Recently in 2016, Global Leukaemia Therapeutics Market was valued at nearly USD 9.44 billion and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.1% between 2017 and 2022, accounting to market worth USD 11.97 billion by end of 2022.

Global Leukaemia Therapeutics market is majorly driven by the growing number of incidences of target disease across the globe. Also, development of novel agents, advancements in technology and combination therapy with reduced side effects and better survival conditions are some other key factors that drives the Leukaemia Therapeutics Market.

However, the high cost of combination therapies and clinical trials coupled with post-treatment complications, adverse events and side effects are the major constraints that limit the growth of the market.Nevertheless, initiatives like increasing focus on healthcare and personalized medicine along with huge govt. investment & R&D in anti-leukaemia therapeutics research are sure short to boost the market growth in the near future.

Market SegmentationGlobal Leukaemia Therapeutics Market can be segmented as follows :Segmentation by TypeChronic leukaemiaChronic myeloid leukaemiaChronic lymphatic leukaemiaAcute leukaemiaAcute myeloid leukaemiaAcute lymphatic leukaemia

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Segmentation by TherapyBiological TherapyRadiation therapyChemotherapyTargeted therapy

Regional/Geographic AnalysisEurope, North America, Latin America, Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa are key market segments of global Leukaemia Therapeutics. North America is the leading region and is anticipated to remain one in the near future, over the forecast period. Demand for leukaemia therapeutics was highest in North America especially in the U.S attributing to increasing geriatric population and increased number of cases. While, Asia Pacific region along with Middle East, Africa and Latin America is expected to grow at moderate pace.

Key Players

The key players in global leukaemia therapeutics market includeF. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Amgen, Pfizer, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Novartis International AG., GlaxoSmithKline plc., Genzyme Corporation, AbbVie Inc. and others.

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Leukaemia Therapeutics Market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.1% between 2017 and 2022 - WaterCloud News

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Leukaemia Therapeutics Market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.1% between 2017 and 2022 – WaterCloud News | May 22nd, 2020

Indias slum population is ill-prepared to face the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, with livelihoods threatened as a consequence of the lockdown

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic infected over four million people worldwide as of May 7, 2020 and killed over 200,000 people. After receiving its first cases on January 28, India witnessed a spike in late March, that led to a nationwide lockdown on March 24 in order to stem the infection.

The number of cases, however, only increased in the past couple of months. As of May 10, 63,975 cases were reported, mostly in densely populated and highly urbanised areas, resulting in almost 2,109 deaths.

One of the measures adopted by the Union and state governments following World Health Organization guidelines was to tell people to stay home and follow the practice of social distancing where emphasis is laid on the maintenance of distance of at least six feet between individuals.

Access to safe drinking water, proper sanitation and health conditions to protect from the infection is necessary to stop human-to-human transmission along with ensuring good consistency in hand washing and waste management practices.

A question, however, emerges over the efficacy of such measures, given that India has the second-most dense population in the world, with a less than adequate healthcare system and a high migration rate, compounded by the fact that 21.9 per cent of the countrys total population lives below the poverty line, according to 2018 data from the National Sample Survey Office.

Is social distancing a viable strategy for this largely informal society? Can a largely poor population, consisting primarily of marginalised communities and migrant daily wage workers adopt such strict guidelines?

We focus on this question by analysing the socio-economic conditions of people living in informal urban settlements and slums within the country.

What is clear is that the slum population is ill-prepared to fight the pandemic, with livelihoods threatened as a consequence of the lockdown. It also sounds impractical to assume slum households have hygienic access to water, toilets, sewers and drainage in informal settlements.

In overcrowded slums, measures like physical distancing and self-quarantine remain far from implementation.

Dharavi Asias biggest slum located in Mumbai with an approximate one million population shows this reality. As on April 29, Dharavi reported a total of 590 cases, with 20 deaths. These deaths include youth and children, according to a media report.

Researchers from the Centre for Sustainability estimate the reproductive ratio (R naught) for the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 on a global scale. They suggest this number in India's slums to be 20 per cent on an average, higher because of dense living conditions, according to a report in news daily Hindustan Times. This vulnerability is borne out in statistics as well.

We analysed data from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) and the 2011 census, focusing on more urbanised states like Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Tamil Nadu and Telangana.

Within these states, we further classified urban households residing in slums in Mumbai, suburban Mumbai, Nagpur, Indore, Meerut, Hyderabad, Chennai and Delhi.

Distribution of SARS-CoV-2

To begin with, we described the basic characteristics of confirmed cases of the virus in Indian states, with basic calculations from COVID-19 India. We analysed details such as growth rate, fatality rate, recovery rate, test per million and share of active cases.

Basic method to understand the novel coronavirus pandemic select states in India

Source: NFHS-4, Census-2011,COVID19

Based on the reported rise in the pace of infection in various states, we attempted its association with share of migrants and slum population. The statistics indicate a clear pattern of intensity among major cities.

The share in total active COVID-19 cases is higher in Maharashtra (36.4 per cent per million), followed by Gujarat (12.5 per cent), Tamil Nadu (12 per cent) and Delhi (10.9 per cent).

With respect to fatality rates, West Bengal, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh lead the table. Recovery rate too, follows the same trend with the notable exceptions of Kerala and Telangana.

When one reads the pace of increase in infection, it is evident that the most urbanised and in-migration states like Maharashtra, Delhi, Gujarat and Telangana according to the 2011 census show higher incidences of infection.

At the same time, there is a reasonable rise in COVID-19 cases in Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh because of reverse migration following the lockdown.

On the other hand, its association with the degree of urbanisation may very well be due to under-served and under-privileged residents with limitation of housing and basic amenities that inhibits adhering to the required prevention protocol. The most vulnerable therefore become the slum residents with poor sanitation practices.

Percentage of the novel coronavirus cases and risk in select urban districts

Source: NFHS-4, Census-2011, COVID-19.org

Approximately 65 million people, or 22 per cent, of Indias total population lives in urban slums, according to a report. Most of the temporary and semi-temporary migrants, however, live in slums across major cities.

A few districts of Maharashtra, including Mumbai, suburban Mumbai and Nagpur are home to 1.39 million temporary migrants and 5.74 million semi-permanent migrants.

These migrant labourers form the backbone of Indias economy, work on lower daily wages and do not have the privilege of working from home with stable wages.

They either risk infection to work in the current lockdown or face unemployment and starvation. It is these workers who are prone to a higher risk of comorbidity and consequently at a greater risk to get infected with the virus.

Risks with migrants, slum households

When we look at migrants, they mainly live in metropolitan hubs, including Mumbai, Delhi and Chennai and are vulnerable due to the informal nature of their livelihoods in these slums.

While associating the share of migration and the quantum of infection, we find a positive correlation indicating the migration related vulnerability of this infection. This association is further strengthened when one considers the share of the most vulnerable population living in the urban slums of Mumbai, Central Delhi, Chennai and Hyderabad with a positive correlation.

SARS-CoV-2infections correlation with migrants within slum households

Assessing social distancing, sanitation

Slum lanes are so narrow that when we cross each other, we cannot cross without our shoulders rubbing against the other person, said a slum dweller, quoted by international news outlet The Guardian. This is, unfortunately, the case in most slum pockets in India.

The World Economic Forum, for example, said Dharavi has a high population density of over 270,000 people living per square kilometre.

This undoubtedly makes social distancing norms impractical. Most of the migrant families or migrant workers who live in single rooms depend oncommunity toilets and water taps.

Findings from NFHS-4 show that among slum households, 56.94 per cent use unimproved toilets, 63.76 per cent live in one room tenements and 76.25 per cent have limited access to water for hand wash.

Unsurprisingly, the evidence shows a positive correlation among virus infections and residences with unimproved toilet facilities, one room households and unavailability of water.

For almost all slum households, using hand sanitiser is very expensive and moreover, access to water for hand-washing is inadequate to begin with. Maintaining social distancing is also not possible given the high density of the population within these slums.

The current crisis should send alarm bells ringing for governments and urban planners in the country over the sustainability of our cities for its citizens. Ensuring good and consistently applied water sanitation and hygiene and waste management practices in communities is a pre-requisite for containing the spread of the epidemic.

Given the evidence on living reality of slums residents and urban migrants in Indian cities, norms like social distancing and hygiene practices seem far from reality.

SARS-CoV-2correlation with hygiene and sanitation conditions in slum households

Policy implications

The analysis highlights the inadequacies of human living and its vulnerability in the face of a pandemic. Overcrowded slums in major cities house an important but extremely vulnerable section of our society.

This population was severely affected due to both the typical infectiveness of the virus as well as the lockdown, leading to substantial losses in lives and livelihoods of these people.

A Stranded Workers Action Network survey recently conducted across various states showed out of 11,159 migrant workers, 96 per cent did not get ration and 90 per cent of them did not get wages.

In case of such an outbreak and the associated measures for its containment, basic deficiencies of the urban poor are overlooked, not just in terms of their compromised living, but also limited access to medical care. It is evident that measures adopted originate from a middle-class mindset that assumes a lot more and is remote from prevailing realities.

This pandemic is a reminder for the need of a slum emergency planning map for every urban settlement and developed solid waste management strategy.

Most importantly, urban planners need to urgently rethink about the sustainability of mega cities in the wake of the outbreak. We have seen vulnerable populations disproportionately affected all the worlds major cities from Wuhan in China, to New York in the United States and Mumbai and Delhi in India.

While the more privileged sections of society have the luxury of sequestering themselves and maintain social-distancing, large swathes of people who do not have the luxury to do so often suffer.

This episode should is an eye-opener to reveal that if we are to recover from crises in the future, we need to strengthen and equip the basic health and public health infrastructure of the urban cities to cater to all its residents to guarantee sustainable urban living.

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COVID-19: How do India's urban informal settlements fight the pandemic - Down To Earth Magazine

Cardiac Stem Cells Comments Off on COVID-19: How do India’s urban informal settlements fight the pandemic – Down To Earth Magazine | May 22nd, 2020

Are you hallucinating or are you seeing the same face everywhere? You know the one. Highly sculpted. Quasi-"exotic." Suggestively cyborgian with equidistant almond eyes, '90s-supermodel high cheekbones and a poufy cupid pout. Dubbed "Instagram Face" in a New Yorker article by writer Jia Tolentino, it's an exactingly symmetrical look facilitated over the last decade by high-tech advancements in digital facial-tuning filters and injectable facial fillers, aka tweakments, aka the minimally invasive cosmetic procedures that have made Botox and Juvderm household names. Filters and fillers.

Though this chiseled face devoid of smiles, frowns, furrowed brows of worry or concentration and wrinkles is primarily found on women, it was, in many ways, a face forged by men. As of 2018, 85% percent of board-certified plastic surgeons in the US were male, while 92% of their patients were female. Meanwhile, Facebook, which owns Instagram, home to some of the most popular filters behind these trends, has a tech workforce that was, as of 2019, 77% male.

Historically, this "Oz behind the curtain" dynamic when it comes to "ideal femininity" is not new. From 1950s advertising executives brainstorming buxom, button-nosed visions of domesticity to 1980s filmmakers placing a prepubescent Brooke Shields in The Blue Lagoon's thinly veiled mainstream erotica, men in positions of power have consistently manufactured the American beauty construct.

And, like any functioning ideology, that construct has mutated to mirror its moment. The face of the 2010s indeed, the supposedly ideal face at the core of the beauty paradigm for eons has often relied on an essential recipe that Dr. Andrew Jacono, a prominent New York plastic surgeon and author of 2019's bestseller The Park Avenue Face, likens to the perfectly balanced proportions reflected in the wings of a butterfly or the gothic cathedrals of France. But remember in the early '90s when we sea-changed seemingly overnight from the flawless buoyancy of Cindy Crawford to the fucked-up teeth and waifish "heroin chic" of Kate Moss? Apart from the golden ratio, there is another beauty truth we could probably all agree upon: The trend pendulum eventually swings. Does that mean that we're in for a face envisioned by women? And, if so, what would that face look like? Could we imagine it might appear not less but more emotive?

In sharp contrast to the tacit perfectionism of filter/ filler plasticity, Doniella Davy, the makeup artist for HBO's aesthetic bombshell Euphoria, said in an interview with Allure that she, herself, leaves the house every day in a different color of glitter or eyeliner because she's presenting herself to the world in a way that feels authentic. "I don't need anyone's approval," she put it. Similarly, rather than using makeup to convey a character's stereotypical core identity in keeping with traditional Hollywood sets, Davy applies a Technicolor palette to the show's stars as a way to signal their changing and changeable emotional states. It's a vibe makeup artists like Pat McGrath, who rhinestoned eyebrows and gilded undereyes for Marc Jacobs' Spring 2020 New York Fashion Week show not to mention drag queens and the LGBTQIA communities have been experimenting with since the dawn of time. Lady Gaga and Lizzo clearly got the memo. But the crayon box sensibility does seem to hold a new grip on our collective cultural imagination. According to Google Trends, the search term "glitter eye" spiked in September in the wake of NYFW Spring 2020, then again in February on the night of the Oscars, when Janelle Monae showed up in a hooded dress dripping with thousands of crystals part Little Red Riding Hood, part disco ball matched by glittery silver eyeliner and cherry red lips.

One potentially telling facet of these new trends' appeal is the fact that they leave much more room for experimentation and customization. Because if beauty is based not just on symmetry but also on value and rarity, and if a glut of influencers have all bought the same injectable features and nearly anyone can go out and mimic them by following one of thousands of rote YouTube tutorials with a highlighter stick and some concealer, does that face even look special anymore? What, then, will we all be fixating on in the decade ahead? Look a little closer at Euphoria. There is a common denominator: Across moods and characters, the skin beneath operates like a clean canvas. It looks raw, fresh, tween. And its desirability isn't limited to the show, to 20-somethings or to Hollywood. It's already attracted a cultish, worldwide following.

The Korean beauty world calls it "glass skin." The basic properties are pristine porelessness and crystalline clarity. We can supposedly achieve glass skin by slathering ourselves daily with several kinds of moisturizers, toners, hydrophilics and exfoliants following a bajillion-step K-beauty routine. Or, in certain states where it is legal, we could have semi-permanent BB Glow pigment microneedled into our skin. But one downside to tattooing fake skin into actual skin is that BB Glow needling is not FDA approved and runs the risk of severe allergic reaction, among other untested, uncharted waters. Artificial intelligence could help. As though to underscore our oncoming skin-tone mania, at CES, the tech expo in Las Vegas this January, the two main beauty attractions were Procter & Gamble's Opt wand and L'Oral's Perso, both AI gadgets that purport to scan and analyze skin in order to optimize the camouflaging of spots, sunspots and hyperpigmentation over time.

Plastic surgeons, whose procedures, injections and treatments have proffered permanent (or semi-permanent) versions of the contouring and highlighting that ruled the 2010s, are also thinking about how this pendulum shift could affect their practices. "When times are harder and people have to work harder, more chiseled, masculine features become more desirable. Because of this, in the last decade, you saw a lot of chiseled features come into play," Dr. Simon Ourian, a cosmetic dermatologist, tells me, in the glitzy waiting room of his Rodeo Drive enclave, Epione, an aesthetic surgery center in Beverly Hills. Referring to the economic challenges of the Great Recession and its recovery over the last decade, he goes on to say, "Women who were trying to show their strength and independence came to fruition by showing very strong features." But, he adds, for centuries, when the economy is strong, as it seems to be now, society has appreciated a softer, "more feminine look."

Ourian invented the Coolaser, a cosmetic dermatology office mainstay that evens skin tone. He is also the A-list's go-to expert in Hollywood, counting among his openly vocal celebrity clients Miley Cyrus, Iggy Azalea, Lady Gaga and the entire Jenner-Kardashian clan, including Kylie and Kim.

We talk about what, specifically, that new softer look might be led by, now that the chiseled cheekbones, chins and jawlines Ourian pioneered have become a worldwide phenomenon. Given his inside line, I'm hoping he'll share what the starlet subset is starting to request that they weren't requesting a year ago. He defers, not wanting to dictate trends from his "little office in Beverly Hills," but he admits he derives all of his trend intel from Facebook and Instagram, casually mentioning, on the subject of the platforms' instantaneity, the summer boob job. "Temporary breast augmentation started a few years ago because now we can inject fillers into the breasts and they go away after a few months," he explains. "So if you don't want to commit the rest of your life to being one or two sizes bigger, you can try it for a summer and fit better into your bathing suit." (And, judging by the rash of articles about the surge of temporary, non-invasive "Botox brow lifts" among the same cohort of stars and influencers who personify "Instagram Face," it's not just lips and breasts that are getting these temporary enhancements.)

And does this mean a person could theoretically "try on" Ourian's signature cheekbones too? Will party prep soon include the prosthetic cheekbones that paraded down Balenciaga's controversial Spring 2020 runway? According to Ourian, yes. "You can do the same thing with your face," he says. "You can get a filler in your face that lasts a month or two and if you don't like it, it goes away ... It's like trying something on in a dressing room. That appeals to the concept of the Instagram generation who want to change a filter and see how they look."

Whatever strange, weird extremes the fashion world might pursue, however, Ourian maintains that neither of those two adjectives should be confused with beauty. "One definition of beauty has been average," he notes. "You take a thousand people in a society and you superimpose that face. The average of those faces is what's considered to be beautiful by the people of that society, because they are not very strange." But one thing, he admits, has changed: "Now that instead of seeing a thousand people, our eyes are used to seeing millions of people because of the internet, our average has expanded."

In keeping with our ocular intake's exponential widening, Ourian concedes that the spectrum for what could be considered beautiful has expanded. Noses, he says, are no longer really a thing. "Ten years ago if you showed someone with a larger behind or a larger nose or a different skin color, few people would jump at it and say that's beautiful," he says, citing the model Winnie Harlow, who's rendered the skin condition vitiligo no less a beauty disqualifier than blue eyes or blond hair. But symmetry, he emphasizes sternly, will never go away. Rather than a cathedral, he points to the sleek sofa I'm sitting on and says pointedly, "Even furniture looks better when it's symmetrical."

After a decade of the Ourian-Kardashian beauty dynasty, however, LA's young, rising beauty vanguard seem to be ready for a look that's less kittenish, more renegade. When I meet up with 26-year-old photographer Kelia Anne MacCluskey, who's shot for PAPER, Playboy and The New York Times, and her boyfriend Lucky Pettersen, 27, a casting director who's cast campaigns for Gucci, Levi's and Calvin Klein, for drinks at a tapas spot in Highland Park, both suggest in their own way that they're constantly searching for models and talent with gap teeth or a unibrow, the sort of authentic, identifying mark that makes an instant, unforgettable impact. Pettersen, for example, philosophizes on Gen Z's desire for honesty as exemplified by 22-year-old model Salem Mitchell. After trolls compared her freckled skin to overripe fruit, Mitchell launched herself on Instagram by posting a photo in response, hashtag #bananaface.

Yet as empowering as a swing toward this aesthetic individualism might sound, it would be nave to assume that any new trend would outright eschew the inherent pressures of the beauty paradigm. New standards will be set, new expensive treatments spawned. At the moment, unibrows and sequin brows aside, all overarching signs point to a standard centered on pristine skin.

In Perfect Me, a book about the perils of our current global beauty ethic, British academic Heather Widdows attributes this growing preoccupation to a "forensic gaze" fueled by visual culture and the omnipresence of hi-def screens and cameras that require us to look smooth and luminous "not just when our picture is likely to be taken (on holidays or at weddings), but increasingly all the time ... given that we can imagine ourselves (or our failings) being photographed in almost any context." In an interview with PAPER, she cautions that the "forensic gaze of HD TV and selfie culture is something we need to take much more seriously as shaping who we think we are and putting pressure on us to perfect our faces in ways that really aren't possible for living, breathing, sweating, aging human beings." She also argues that the widening of the beauty spectrum under the auspices of the internet might actually be just the opposite: a contraction. Whereas, pre-internet, beauty norms were decided by the more localized scopes of one's cultural community into micro-ranges, these ranges are converging into a more singular worldwide beauty window with less room for divergence: "thin and slim, with breasts and butt curves, smooth, luminous, glowing skin, and large eyes and lips ... White women are just as unable to attain the beauty ideal without intervention as Asian and Black women are," she says.

But what if we could regrow our own genuine genetic skin the way it looked before sun damage, cigarettes, sleeplessness, acne and other little scars set in?

What if we rolled out of bed in the morning and didn't have to waste a single second thinking about makeup, let alone fueling the industrial beauty complex and its ecological fallout with our hard-earned third-wave feminist salaries because we'd woken up in our own living, breathing, sweating childhood skin? "That is truly the holy grail of cosmetic dermatology," according to Ourian. "What makes a kid's skin perfect aside from the fact that they haven't been exposed to the environment their skin repairs itself much faster," he explains. Up until now, there was no way to unlock the skin's reparative memory. Ourian gets enthused again. Declaratively, he pronounces: "Stem cells are going to be the biggest thing." And he's not talking about the Vampire Facial craze. He does not think having one's skin needle-scratched raw and bloody before pouring stem cell serum derived from placentas onto it is of any use. No, if you ask Ourian, the holy grail, the next Botox, is injectable skin.

In his office, he already performs a version of it with stem cells derived from the patient, but it's expensive and not as efficient or effective as Ourian believes it will soon become. "First I have to get rid of all the old junk, Coolaser to get rid of the sun damage," he explains. "To get this baby skin we have to retrain it to keep itself healthy, and that's where the stem cells come in ... but in the next five or ten years we will achieve a level of age reversal that will mimic the way your skin was in your 20s or pre-teens." He's hoping it becomes as mainstream as Botox: "For a few hundred dollars, you can get it done."

Then and now, there will always be the non-conformists who consciously push back against the ever-tightening beauty construct, whether it's dictated by Kim-face, Glass-face or any face in between. The artists, activists, intellectuals and outsiders: Alicia Keys, Salem Mitchell, Frances McDormand, Heather Widdows, maybe your daughter or son or nonbinary child, maybe mine. For her part, Widdows has this advice for anyone who wants to help broaden beauty norms: "Call out 'lookism.' We need to name it (as we once named sexism) and make body shaming not and never okay." In the meantime, Simon Ourian will be chasing his white whale. As we age, the extraorbital fat pads that cushion our eyeballs in our ocular sockets erode, and the eyes sink into the face. "We can put a fat pad in the back of the eyes surgically, but not in a quick procedure," he explains. "So that keeps me up at night. How do I put fat pads back behind the eyes without cutting faces?"

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What's the Next '"nstagram Face"? - Papermag

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on What’s the Next ‘"nstagram Face"? – Papermag | May 21st, 2020

Surveys consistently report that people fear total blindness more than any other disability, and currently the major cause of untreatable blindness is retinal disease. The retina, a part of the brain that extends into the eye during development, initiates vision by first detecting light with the rod and cone photoreceptors. Four classes of retinal neurons then begin the analysis of visual images. Defects in the optical media that transmit and focus light rays onto the retina (lens and cornea) can usually be dealt with surgically, although such treatments are not available in some parts of the world, resulting in as many as 20 to 30 million legally blind individuals worldwide. Untreatable retinal disease potentially causes legal or total blindness in more than 11 million people in the United States alone, but progress in treatments raises the possibility of restoring vision in several types of retinal blindness (1).

Retinal neurons comprise bipolar and horizontal cells, which are second-order neurons that receive signals from the photoreceptors in the outer retina. Third-order amacrine and retinal ganglion cells are activated in the inner retina by bipolar cells. Axons from the ganglion cells form the optic nerve and carry the visual message to the rest of the brain (see the figure). The cells most susceptible to blinding retinal disease are the photoreceptors and ganglion cells. Whereas progress has been made in combating blindness caused by photoreceptor degeneration, little can be done currently to address ganglion cell loss, such as occurs in glaucoma.

The approach that has been most successful in restoring photoreceptor loss that results in complete blindness is the use of retinal prosthetic devices, with two now approved for clinical use (2). These devices electrically stimulate either bipolar or ganglion cells. They require goggles that have a camera that converts visual stimuli into electrical stimuli that activate the device, which in turn stimulates the retinal cells. Several hundred of these devices have been implanted in blind or virtually blind individuals, 70 to 80% of whom report improvement in quality of life. For those who are completely blind, the ability to experience again at least some visual function is viewed as a miracle.

There are substantial limitations to the devices, however. The best visual acuity attained so far is poor (20/500) and visual field size is limited, but many improvements, mainly technical, are being developed and tested, including the potential use of electronic low-vision devices to increase visual field size and acuity (3). Retinal prostheses are not useful for patients who are blind because of loss of ganglion cells and/or the optic nerve, but prostheses that bypass the retina and stimulate more central visual structures, including the lateral geniculate nucleus (the intermediary between retina and cortex) and visual cortex, are being developed and tested in humans (4). There remain considerable technical issues, but preliminary data indicate that such devices are feasible.

A second approach to treat photoreceptor degeneration and potential blindness, now in the clinic, is gene therapy (5). This involves injecting a viral construct into the eye that contains a normal gene to replace an abnormal one. Success so far has been limited to the treatment of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) type 2, a rare form of retinitis pigmentosa in which the gene whose product is required to form the correct isomer of vitamin A aldehyde, the chromophore of the visual pigments, is mutated. Little of the correct isomer is made in LCA patients, resulting in substantial loss of photoreceptor light sensitivity. This is reversed when viral constructs encoding the normal gene are injected deep into the eye between the photoreceptors and pigment epithelium.

Two factors make this approach feasible in LCA: The genetic defect is monogenic, and many of the photoreceptors in the patients remain alive, although compromised. Thus, how broadly feasible gene therapy will be for treating the enormous range of inherited retinal diseases now known to exist (300) remains to be seen. But at least a dozen other gene therapy trials on monogenic inherited eye diseases similar to LCA are under way (6). Other methods to manipulate genes are now available, including CRISPR-mediated editing of retinal genes. So far, the experiments have been mainly on isolated cells or retinas, but these powerful techniques are likely to have eventual clinical applications.

A variation on the use of gene therapy techniques is optogenetics, in which light-sensitive molecules are introduced into non-photosensitive retinal cells. This approach holds much promise for restoring vision to totally blind individuals whose photoreceptors have been lost. Using viruses to insert genes encoding light-sensitive molecules into bipolar and ganglion cells, as well as surviving photoreceptor cells that are no longer photosensitive, has been accomplished in animals and shown to restore some vision (7). Again, technical issues remain: The cells made light-sensitive require bright light stimuli, and the light-sensitive cells do not adapt. That is, whereas photoreceptors normally allow vision over as much as 10 log units of light intensity, the cells made light-sensitive respond only to a range of 2 to 3 log units. Various methods to overcome these limitations are now being developed, and at least one clinical trial is under way. Experiments to make cortical neurons sensitive to light or other stimuli that better penetrate the skullmagnetic fields or ultrasound, for exampleare also being developed and tested in animals.

Other promising approaches to restore vision are being explored. In cold-blooded vertebrates, retinal cells (in fish) and even the entire retina (in amphibians) can regenerate endogenously after damage. Regeneration of retinal cells in zebrafish is now quite well understood (8). The regenerated neurons come from the major glial cell in the retina, the Mller cell. After retinal damage, Mller cells reenter the cell cycle and divide asymmetrically to self-renew and produce a progenitor cell that proliferates to produce a pool of cells capable of differentiating into new retinal cells that repair the retina.

A number of transcription factors and other factors identified as being involved in retinal regeneration in zebrafish have been shown to stimulate some Mller cell proliferation and neuronal regeneration in mice. Regenerated bipolar and amacrine cells, as well as rod photoreceptors, have so far been identified in mouse retinas, and these cells are responsive to light stimuli (9, 10). Further, cells postsynaptic to the regenerated neurons are activated by light stimuli, indicating that the regenerated neurons have been incorporated into the retinal neural circuitry. So far, the regenerative capacity of mammalian Mller cells is limited, but directed differentiation of specific types of neurons with a mix of factors appears to be a possibility. Regrowth of ganglion cell axons after the optic nerve is disrupted is also under active investigation, and although the number of axons regrowing is low (10%), those that do regrow establish synaptic connections with their correct targets (11). Therefore, endogenous regeneration is still far from clinical testing, but substantial progress has occurred.

The retina lines the back of the eye and consists of rod and cone photoreceptors, as well as four types of neuron: second-order bipolar and horizontal cells and third-order retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and amacrine cells. Mller glial cells fill the spaces between the neurons. The pigment epithelium, critical for photoreceptor function, underlies the retina. Photoreceptors and RGCs are most susceptible to blinding retinal disease. Progress in combating photoreceptor degeneration has been made, but there are few strategies to address RGC loss.

A long-studied area of research is transplantation of retinal cells, particularly photoreceptors, into diseased retinas. In experiments with mice, transplanted postmitotic rod photoreceptor precursor cells derived from embryonic retinas or from stem cells appeared to integrate into diseased retinas in reasonable numbers and to be functional. A surprising and unexpected complication in the interpretation of these experiments was recently discovered. Rather than integrating into diseased retinas, the donor cells appear to pass material (RNA or protein) into remaining host photoreceptor cells, rejuvenating them, and these appear to be most of the functional cells (12). The current evidence suggests that only a small proportion of the donor cells integrate, but progress in overcoming this setback is being made.

More success has been reported with stem cells induced to become pigment epithelial (PE) cells, which provide essential support for photoreceptors. A number of blinding retinal diseases relate to the degeneration of the PE cells, and replacement using such cellsin a suspension or on a scaffoldis being actively pursued. PE cells do not need to integrate synaptically with retinal cells; they simply need to contact the photoreceptor cells. This is achieved when PE cells are placed between the retina and the back of the eye. Early clinical trials suggest that the transplants are safe, but retinal detachment, a serious complication, can occur and efficacy has yet to be shown (13).

The finding that donor photoreceptor cells can help diseased host retinal cells to recover function suggests that certain substances can provide neuroprotection. Indeed, a substantial number of such neuroprotective molecules have been shown to affect retinal disease progression, especially degeneration of photoreceptor cells. No one factor has been shown to be effective generally, but two have received much attention. One, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), promotes photoreceptor survival in light-induced photoreceptor degeneration and in several other models of retinal degeneration (14). Some evidence suggests that CNTF acts primarily on Mller cells, but how it works, and on what cells, is still unclear. The other factor, rod-derived cone viability (RDCV) factor, has received less research attention, but with recent industrial support, it is now being advanced to the clinic. Current evidence indicates that RCDV factor protects cones after rod degeneration.

Two of the most common retinal diseases in developed countriesage-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of legal blindness (visual acuity of less than 20/200), and glaucoma, the leading cause of total blindnessare not monogenic diseases, and so genetic treatments for them are not obvious. Attempts to understand the etiology of these diseases are under way, but currently their underlying causes are still unclear. A difficulty presented by AMD is that no animal model is readily available, because it is a disease of the fovea, which mediates high-acuity vision. Except for primates, other mammals do not possess this small critical retinal area. Whereas large primates are not feasible for extensive cellular or molecular studies, small primates such as marmosets that have a fovea are potential models but have not been used much to date.

Other approaches for restoring vision have been suggested and have even yielded some progress. From both normal humans and those with an inherited retinal disease, skin biopsy cells can be induced to form tiny retinal eyecups called organoids (15). Containing all retinal cell types, these structures could be a source of retinal cells for studying retinal disease development and possible therapies, as well as for cell transplantation. A fovea has not been observed in any organoid so far, but this is not beyond the realm of possibility. Another suggested approach is to surgically transplant whole eyes into blind individuals. This appears feasible, but whether there is sufficient optic nerve regrowth remains an open question.

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Restoring vision to the blind - Science Magazine

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on Restoring vision to the blind – Science Magazine | May 21st, 2020

Cosmetic Skin CareMarketBusiness Insights and Updates:

The latest Marketreport by a Data Bridge Market Researchwith the title[Global Cosmetic Skin CareMarket Industry Trends and Forecast to 2026].The new report on the worldwide Cosmetic Skin CareMarketis committed to fulfilling the necessities of the clients by giving them thorough insights into the Market. The various providers involved in the value chain of the product include manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, intermediaries, and customers.The reports provide Insightful information to the clients enhancing their basic leadership capacity identified.Exclusive information offered in this report is collected by analysis and trade consultants.

Global cosmetic skin care market is set to witness a substantial CAGR of 5.5% in the forecast period of 2019- 2026.

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Cosmetic Skin Care Market is Thriving with Rising Latest Trends by 2026 | Top Players- L'Oreal, Unilever, New Avon, Estee Lauder Companies, Espa, Kao,...

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on Cosmetic Skin Care Market is Thriving with Rising Latest Trends by 2026 | Top Players- L’Oreal, Unilever, New Avon, Estee Lauder Companies, Espa, Kao,… | May 21st, 2020

NantKwest, Inc. (NASDAQ: NK) today announced it has received authorization from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for an Investigational New Drug application to treat patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by COVID-19 with BM-Allo.MSC, an allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) product derived from human bone marrow. NantKwest has entered into an agreement with the National Marrow Donor Program (Be the Match) to provide donor material and has developed automated proprietary methods to expand and generate multiple dose forms utilizing a modular, closed system (GMP-in-a-box) from NantKwest affiliate ImmunityBio, Inc., to expand BM-Allo.MSCs, enabling the scalable manufacture and immediate distribution of cryopreserved BM-Allo.MSC product.

"There is an urgent need to develop broadly accessible treatment options for the devastating outcomes seen in the thousands of COVID-19 patients who are facing severe disease with ARDS and cytopathic storm," said Patrick Soon-Shiong, M.D., Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of NantKwest and ImmunityBio. "While MSC-derived treatments have shown promise in treating patients with ARDS, including those with COVID-19, the ability to scale production to support the overwhelming patient need has been a challenge. Our proprietary GMP-in-a-Box enables the rapid and scalable manufacture of our fully human BM-Allo.MSC product, overcoming this previous limitation to advance a promising new treatment to those patients who are most in need. Due to our proprietary methods, we are well positioned to rapidly advance BM-Allo.MSC during the current wave of COVID-19, with an anticipated trial initiation in Q2."

BM-Allo.MSC is a bone marrow-derived allogenic MSC product being developed to attenuate the inflammatory processes that drive ARDS in severe COVID-19 patients. MSCs are multipotent progenitor cells that give rise to cell types responsible for tissue repair and may restore effective immune function and contribute to viral clearance. Prior work with allogeneic MSC products in patients with ARDS has shown that such treatment is safe and may reduce key markers of inflammatory processes.

Trial Design

The Phase 1b, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study will evaluate the safety and efficacy of BM-Allo.MSC versus current supporting care in treating patients with severe disease and requiring ventilator support (IND 019735). The therapeutic will be administered to a total of 45 patients receiving care in the critical care or ICU setting. The primary objectives of the study include overall safety and reduction in time on ventilator. The secondary objective will focus on the efficacy of BM-Allo.MSC in reducing the number of days patients require oxygen, duration of hospitalization, and mortality.

About NantKwest

NantKwest (NASDAQ: NK) is an innovative, clinical-stage immunotherapy company focused on harnessing the power of the innate immune system to treat cancer and virally-induced infectious diseases. NantKwest is the leading producer of clinical dose forms of off-the-shelf natural killer (NK) cell therapies. The activated NK cell platform is designed to destroy cancer and virally-infected cells. The safety of these optimized activated NK cellsas well as their activity against a broad range of cancershas been tested in Phase I clinical trials in Canada and Europe, as well as in multiple Phase I and II clinical trials in the United States. By leveraging an integrated and extensive genomics and transcriptomics discovery and development engine, together with a pipeline of multiple, clinical-stage, immuno-oncology programs, NantKwests goal is to transform medicine by delivering off-the-shelf living drugs-in-a-bag and bringing novel NK cell-based therapies to routine clinical care. NantKwest is a member of the NantWorks ecosystem of companies. For more information, please visit http://www.nantkwest.com

haNK is a registered trademark of NantKwest, Inc.

Forward-Looking Statements

This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include statements concerning or implying that NantKwest will be successful in improving the treatment of cancer and/or Covid-19. Risks and uncertainties related to this endeavor include, but are not limited to, obtaining FDA approval of NantKwests NK cells, as well as other therapeutics, as part of the NANT Cancer Vaccine platform as a cancer treatment and/or Covid-19 treatment.

Story continues

Forward-looking statements are based on managements current expectations and are subject to various risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially and adversely from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Accordingly, these forward-looking statements do not constitute guarantees of future performance, and you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

These and other risks regarding NantKwests business are described in detail in its Securities and Exchange Commission filings, including in NantKwests Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarter ended March 31, 2020. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof, and we disclaim any obligation to update these statements except as may be required by law.

View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200518005217/en/

Contacts

Jen HodsonJen@nant.com 562-397-3639

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NantKwest Announces FDA Authorization of IND Application for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Product for the Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Patients - Yahoo...

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on NantKwest Announces FDA Authorization of IND Application for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Product for the Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Patients – Yahoo… | May 21st, 2020

The killer is not the virus but the immune response.

The current pandemic is unique not just because it is caused by a new virus that puts everyone at risk, but also because the range of innate immune responses is diverse and unpredictable. In some it is strong enough to kill. In others it is relatively mild.

My research relates to innate immunity. Innate immunity is a persons inborn defense against pathogens that instruct the bodys adaptive immune system to produce antibodies against viruses. Those antibody responses can be later used for developing vaccination approaches. Working in the lab of Nobel laureate Bruce Beutler, I co-authored the paper that explained how the cells that make up the bodys innate immune system recognize pathogens, and how overreacting to them in general could be detrimental to the host. This is especially true in the COVID-19 patients who are overreacting to the virus.

I study inflammatory response and cell death, which are two principal components of the innate response. White blood cells called macrophages use a set of sensors to recognize the pathogen and produce proteins called cytokines, which trigger inflammation and recruit other cells of the innate immune system for help. In addition, macrophages instruct the adaptive immune system to learn about the pathogen and ultimately produce antibodies.

To survive within the host, successful pathogens silence the inflammatory response. They do this by blocking the ability of macrophages to release cytokines and alert the rest of the immune system. To counteract the viruss silencing, infected cells commit suicide, or cell death. Although detrimental at the cellular level, cell death is beneficial at the level of the organism because it stops proliferation of the pathogen.

For example, the pathogen that caused the bubonic plague, which killed half of the human population in Europe between 1347 and 1351, was able to disable, or silence, peoples white blood cells and proliferate in them, ultimately causing the death of the individual. However, in rodents the infection played out differently. Just the infected macrophages of rodents died, thus limiting proliferation of the pathogen in the rodents bodies which enabled them to survive.

The silent response to plague is strikingly different from the violent response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. This suggests that keeping the right balance of innate response is crucial for the survival of COVID-19 patients.

Heres how an overreaction from the immune system can endanger a person fighting off an infection.

Some of the proteins that trigger inflammation, named chemokines, alert other immune cells like neutrophils, which are professional microbe eaters to convene at the site of infections where they can arrive first and digest the pathogen.

Others cytokines such as interleukin 1b, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor guide neutrophils from the blood vessels to the infected tissue. These cytokines can increase heartbeat, elevate body temperature, trigger blood clots that trap the pathogen and stimulate the neurons in the brain to modulate body temperature, fever, weight loss and other physiological responses that have evolved to kill the virus.

When the production of these same cytokines is uncontrolled, immunologists describe the situation as a cytokine storm. During a cytokine storm, the blood vessels widen further (vasolidation), leading to low blood pressure and widespread blood vessel injury. The storm triggers a flood of white blood cells to enter the lungs, which in turn summon more immune cells that target and kill virus-infected cells. The result of this battle is a stew of fluid and dead cells, and subsequent organ failure.

The cytokine storm is a centerpiece of the COVID-19 pathology with devastating consequences for the host.

When the cells fail to terminate the inflammatory response, production of the cytokines make macrophages hyperactive. The hyperactivated macrophages destroy the stem cells in the bone marrow, which leads to anemia. Heightened interleukin 1b results in fever and organ failure. The excessive tumor necrosis factor causes massive death of the cells lining the blood vessels, which become clotted. At some point, the storm becomes unstoppable and irreversible.

One strategy behind the treatments for COVID is, in part, based in part on breaking the vicious cycle of the cytokine storm. This can be done by using antibodies to block the primary mediators of the storm, like IL6, or its receptor, which is present on all cells of the body.

Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor can be achieved with FDA-approved antibody drugs like Remicade or Humira or with a soluble receptor such as Enbrel (originally developed by Bruce Beutler) which binds to tumor necrosis factor and prevents it from triggering inflammation. The global market for tumor necrosis factor inhibitors is US$22 billion.

Drugs that block various cytokines are now in clinical trials to test whether they are effective for stopping the deadly spiral in COVID-19.

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Blocking the deadly cytokine storm is a vital weapon for treating COVID-19 - The Conversation US

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Blocking the deadly cytokine storm is a vital weapon for treating COVID-19 – The Conversation US | May 21st, 2020

However, stem cells could provide the answer to treating and repairing spinal cord injuries.

A British professor, Geoffrey Raisman, undertook research which showed that specific stem cells could enable a paralysed man to walk again.

He used stem cells called olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) from the nose of a patient and transplanted them into the spinal cord. OECs are unique cells which are part of the sense of smell. They allow nerve fibres in the olfactory system to constantly regenerate. Prof Raisman proved that broken nerve fibres in the spinal cord could repair themselves by using OECs that were transplanted into the spinal cord of the patient. These specific stem cells (OECs) facilitated the growth of the ends of severed nerve fibres and caused them to join together.

A doctor in Portugal also transplanted olfactory stem cells to treat spinal cord injury in over 100 patients. These studies showed that a few patients were able to regain at least limited motor function and sensation after transplantation.

Although its early days, these studies show that neuronal type stem cells (NSCs) hold great promise to treat various neurodegenerative diseases and injuries to the spinal cord. Stem cells possess the ability to differentiate into many types of neural cell, depending upon their environment and the stimulus that is provided.

At present there are 55 clinical trials investigating the application of stem cells in spinal cord injury. These trials are studying various sources of stem cells including mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow, umbilical cord tissue and adipose tissue derived stem cells.

(Marsala M, et.al. Spinal parenchymal occupation by neural stem cells after subpial delivery in adult immunodeficient rats. STEM CELLS Translational Medicine, 2019; 9 (2): 177 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0156)

Please note: Stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury is in a research phase, and is not an established therapy.

Cord blood stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury is not available in South Africa.

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Spinal Cord Injury And Stem Cells: New Perspectives ...

Spinal Cord Stem Cells Comments Off on Spinal Cord Injury And Stem Cells: New Perspectives … | May 21st, 2020

Spinal cord injury (SCI) involves damage to the area that can cause an impairment of loss of muscle control, movement and sensation. Currently, patients with injury to the spinal cord are managed with physical therapy, occupation therapy and other rehabilitation methods to cope with the physical changes.

However, stem cell research may present a new approach to the management of this patient group, ing for a potential improvement in the symptoms of the condition, such as incontinence, muscular control and sexual function.

Stem cells used in the treatment of SCI may come from various sources, including autologous mesenchymal CD34+ cells from own bone marrow, allogeneic mesenchymal cells from the human umbilical cord tissue or adipose tissue.

The bone marrow cells are taken from both hips of the patient, who is sedated with light general anesthetic. The cells are then tested for quality and bacterial contamination before they can be used in the research. Likewise, cells from umbilical cords are taken from healthy births and must pass rigorous screening prior to being passed for use in trials.

Scientific research conducted in animals with spinal cell injury has investigated the utility of stem cells in the repair of the injury. As a result of this research, a general understanding of the role that stem cells could play has been established. This includes:

Mesenchymal stem cells, also known as stromal stem cells, are a topic of interest in the research for treatment of spinal cord injury. The theory is for the stem cells to provide protection to and aid growth of the cells in the region of the injured spinal cord.

The safety and efficacy of different stem cell types have been investigated in several different studies. Various methods of administration have been trialed, including injection into the spine, the vein or the skin.

There has also been some research focused on embryonic stem cells in the management following spinal cord injury.

One study observed the effect of an injection of precursors of oligodendrocytes, to form the myelin sheath around the axons. However, after four patients were treated with the cells and observed for signs of restored nerve signaling, the study was discontinued. The belief that embryonic stem cells may be promising for spinal cord injury was not tainted.

Another study investigated the effect of hES cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells when injected into the site of thoracic spinal cord injury. Of five patients, none experienced serious side effects, and imaging tests revealed that the volume of injury was reduced in 80% of patients.

At this point in time, there is insufficient scientific evidence to recommend the used of stem cells for spinal cord injury as a routine practice. The technique is promising, however, offering the possibility of healing and the improvement of the symptoms, which is in contrast to the current practice that recommends coping mechanisms without a definitive cure or improvement.

For this reason, scientific research is likely to continue in the future in the hope of finding a suitable method to improve the quality of life for patients with spinal cord injury.

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Stem cell research for spinal cord injury

Spinal Cord Stem Cells Comments Off on Stem cell research for spinal cord injury | May 21st, 2020

Last week, she was given the all-clear to start re-entering the lab after it closed in March due to COVID-19 restrictions.

"We fired up the lab and turned everything back on. It felt fantastic to be back working towards research goals," she said.

Professor Sharon Ricardo's lab was closed under COVID-19 restrictions.Credit:Jason South

Over the last few months, she has been churning through grant writing and Zoom meetings.

She said her days spent video-conferencing and doing administrative work were "tiring but productive".

Professor Ricardo said a healthy balance between laboratory work and paperwork was important to her and her team as they "became researchers because we get excited about what we do".

They produce three-dimensional miniature kidneys from skin cells useful for disease modelling, called organoids.

The organoids are made by collecting patients' skin cells, developing them into stem cells, and "adding factors to the cell cultures to form mini kidneys," she said.

According to Professor Ricardo, the closure of the laboratories has seriously impeded some of her students' research.

One of her PhD students had one organoid experiment left to go when the restrictions came in to play and labs were closed.

"We had to freeze the lines and turn off all the incubators," she said.

The Universitys labs are reopening gradually. Hygiene and social distancing measures were being taken to ensure the safety of staff and students, she said.

"You go to the lab, perform what you need to do, and go home," said Professor Ricardo. Shes received strict instructions not to hang around the office.

Even with the new social distancing measures, she is very excited to be back with her colleagues.

"Every time I see somebody at work, I feel like I am seeing my best friend," she said.

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Universities Australia Chief Executive Catriona Jackson said COVID-19 has "upended almost every area of endeavour" across the university research sector.

"Australias researchers have pivoted their work to join the community in fighting the virus, from world-leading vaccine and treatment research to work on all aspects of the deep social and economic impact of the crisis," she said.

The pandemic has been devastating for the university research community. "The loss to university R&D [research and development] is estimated at $2.5 billion in 2020, placing at risk at least 38 per cent of research salaries," said Ms Jackson.

While specific regulations around reopening physical research facilities differ for each state and university, Ms Jackson said they are closely following guidance from medical authorities and government.

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Research frozen by COVID-19 begins to thaw - The Age

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on Research frozen by COVID-19 begins to thaw – The Age | May 21st, 2020

The recently published market study by MRRSE highlights the current trends that are expected to influence the dynamics of the Cosmetic Skin Care market in the upcoming years. The report introspects the supply chain, cost structure, and recent developments pertaining to the Cosmetic Skin Care market in the report and the impact of the COVID-19 on these facets of the market. Further, the micro and macro-economic factors that are likely to impact the growth of the Cosmetic Skin Care market are thoroughly studied in the presented market study.

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The report resolves the following doubts related to the Cosmetic Skin Care market:

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Weekly Update: Global Coronavirus Impact and Implications on Cosmetic Skin Care Market Forecast Report Offers Key Insights, Key Drivers, Technology -...

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on Weekly Update: Global Coronavirus Impact and Implications on Cosmetic Skin Care Market Forecast Report Offers Key Insights, Key Drivers, Technology -… | May 21st, 2020