Introduction

The growing burden of ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a major public health issue. The most harmful type of IHD is acute myocardial infarction (MI), which leads to loss of tissue and impaired cardiac performance, accounting for two in five deaths in China.1 Timely revascularization after MI, including percutaneous coronary intervention, thrombolytic treatment and bypass surgery, is key to improving cardiac function and preventing post-infarction pathophysiological remodeling.2 However, these effective but invasive approaches cannot be used in all patients owing to their applicability, which is limited based on specific clinical characteristics, and the possibility of severe complications such as bleeding and reperfusion injury.2,3 Attempts to limit infarct size and improve prognosis using pharmacotherapy (including antiplatelet and antiarrhythmic drugs and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) without reperfusion has been proven generally inefficient, due to non-targeted drug distribution and side effects, and short half-life of some drugs.1,3,4 Consequently, many patients in which this approach is used still progress to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.1 Growth and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques and the ensuing thrombosis are the major causes of acute MI.4 Currently available interventions for atherosclerosis (AS) including statins can reduce acute MI, but the effects vary between individuals, and leave significant residual risks.58 Some chemotherapies, such as docetaxel9 and methotrexate,10,11 also seem to have beneficial effects in AS; however, systemic administration of these drugs is limited because of their adverse effects.12 The demand for safer and more efficient therapies and prevention strategies for MI is therefore increasing.

Several optimized strategies have so far been explored, one of which is the application of nanoparticles (NPs). These nanoscale particles have been widely used in the treatment of tumors and neural diseases.13,14 NPs enable delivery of therapeutic compounds to target sites with high spatial and temporal resolution, enhancement of tissue engineering processes and regulation of the behaviour of transplants such as stem cells. The application of NPs improves the therapeutic effects and minimizes the adverse effects of traditional or novel therapies, increasing the likelihood that they can be successfully translated to clinical settings.1518 However, research on NPs in this field is still in its infancy.5,1921 This review summarizes the latest NP-based strategies for managing acute MI, mostly published within the past 7 years, with a particular focus on effects and mechanisms rather than particle types, which have been extensively covered in other reviews (Figure 1). In addition, we offer an initial viewpoint on the value of function-based systems over those based on materials, and discuss future prospects in this field.

Figure 1 Overview of nanoparticle-based strategies for the treatment and prevention of myocardial infarction. Nanoparticles are capable of delivering therapeutic agents and nucleic acids in a stable and targeted manner, improving the properties of tissue engineering scaffolds, labeling transplanted cells and regulating cell behaviors, thus promoting the cardioprotective effects of traditional or novel therapies.

A multitude of NP types are currently under investigation, including lipid-based NPs, polymeric NPs, micelles, inorganic NPs, and exosomes. Virus can also be considered as NPs; however they will not be discussed in this review.22 NPs made from different materials show similar in vivo metabolic kinetic characteristics and protective effects on infarcted heart.19,20 Function-based NP types, oriented towards a specific purpose, may be preferable compared with traditional types, on account of their practicality in basic research and clinical translation. In this review, we discuss NPs used in the treatment and prevention of MI that fall into the following four categories: 1) circulation-stable nanocarriers (polymeric, lipid or inorganic particles); 2) targeted delivery vectors (magnetic or particles modified to improve target specificity); 3) enhancers of tissue engineering; and 4) regulators of cell behavior (Figure 1). We propose that the choice of each NP for any given application should be primarily based on the roles or mechanisms they perform.

Many NPs, whether composed of either naturally occurring or synthetic materials, act as nanocarriers to improve the circulating stability of therapeutic agents.15,16 Polymeric NPs comprise one of the most widely employed types, with excellent biocompatibility, tunable mechanical properties, and the ability be easily modified with therapeutic agents using a broad range of chemical techniques.23,24 The most commonly used polymer for these NPs is polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA), which has Food and Drug Administration approval.25,26 Recently, there has been a therapeutic emphasis on polydopamine (PDA), from which several related nanomaterials have been created, including PDA NPs and PDA NP-knotted hydrogels.27,28 NPs made from polylactic acid (PLA),29,30 poly--caprolactone (PCL),31 polyoxalates,32 polyacrylonitrile,33 chitosan29,34 and hollow mesoporous organosilica35 have also been constructed and administered in vitro in cells and in vivo in animal models.

Lipid NPs or liposomes are also considered promising candidates for the delivery of therapeutic agents, due to their morphology, which is similar to that of cellular membranes and ability to carry both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. These non-toxic, non-immunogenic and biodegradable amphipathic nanocarriers can be designed to reduce capture by reticuloendothelial cells, increase circulation time, and achieve satisfactory targeting.36,37 Solid lipid NPs (SLNs) combine the advantages of polymeric NPs, fat emulsions, and liposomes, remaining in a solid state at room temperature. Active key components of SLNs are mainly physiological lipids, dispersed in aqueous solution containing a stabilizer (surfactant).38 Micelles are made by colloidal aggregation in a solution through self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers, or a simple lipidic layer of transfer vehicles;39 these have been used in cellular and molecular imaging40 and treatment41 for a long time.

Inorganic NPs used in basic IHD research are classified as metal, metal compounds, carbon,42 or silicon NPs;43 these are relatively inert, stable, and biocompatible. Gold (Au),44 silver (Ag)45 and copper (Cu)46 are commonly used materials in their production. These NPs can be delivered orally,47 or injected intravenously48 or intraperitoneally.56 However, they are more widely used to construct electrically conductive myocardial scaffolds in tissue engineering.49,50 Myocardial patches and scaffolds are promising therapeutic approaches to repairing heart tissue after IHD; incorporating conductive NPs can further improve functionality, introducing beneficial physical properties and electroconductivity. Some organic particles, such as liposomes anchored with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based copolymer groups, are also suitable for the production of effective nanogels or patches for this purpose.37

Several metal compounds have been used for treatment of IHD.5154 The application of magnetic particles made from iron oxide has been of particular interest in recent research. These NPs are more prone to manipulation with an external magnetic field, and thus serve as powerful tools for targeted delivery of therapeutics. In addition, modification with targeted peptides or antibodies is another approach to the construction of targeted delivery systems.

Another strategy to protect cardiac performance after MI is the transplantation of cells; however, the beneficial effects of this are currently limited.58 Many NPs can improve the behavior of cells; in this context, they may stimulate cardioprotective potential. In particular, exosomes a major subgroup of extracellular vesicles (EVs) with a diameter of 30150nm, which are secreted via exocytosis55 represent novel, heterogeneous, biological NPs with an endogenous origin. They are able to carry a variety of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other bioactive substances.5557 Mechanistic studies have confirmed that exosomes offer a cell-free strategy to rescue ischemic cardiomyocytes (CMs).59,60

The physical properties of NPs, including size, shape, and surface charge, impact on how biological processes behave, and consequently, responses in the body.61 The recommended definition of NPs in pharmaceutical technology and biomedicine includes a limitation that more than 50% of particles should be in a size distribution range of 10100 nm.39 However, this is not strictly distinguished in studies, so for the purposes of this review, we have relaxed this definition. Small NPs have a faster uptake and processing speed and longer blood circulation half-lives than larger ones; a decreased surface area results in increased reactivity to the microenvironment and greater speed of release of the compounds they carry.6163 However, an exception to this principle is that, among particles of less than 50 nm diameter, larger NPs have longer circulatory half-lives.64,65 NPs can be spherical, discoidal, tubular or dendritic.61,63 The impact of NP shape on uptake and clearance has also been revealed;66,67 for instance, spheres endocytose more easily,20 while micelles and filomicelles target aortic macrophages, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells in the immune system more effectively than polymersomes.68 In terms of charge, cationic NPs are more likely to interact with cells than negatively charged or neutral particles because the mammalian cell membrane is negatively charged.62 As a result, positively charged particles are reported to be more likely to destabilize blood cell membranes and cause cell lysis.61 Additionally, the rate of drug release is largely determined by the diameter of the pore. Motivated by the idea, Palma-Chavez et al developed a multistage delivery system by encapsulating PLGA NPs in micron-sized PLGA outer shells.69

Some types of NPs, such as micelles, possess coreshell morphological structures: a core composed of hydrophobic block segments is surrounded by hydrophilic polymer blocks in a shell that stabilizes the entire micelle. The core provides enough space to accommodate compounds, while the shell protects drug molecules from hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation.36 Surface chemical composition largely governs the chemical interactions between NPs and molecules in the body. Appropriate surface coatings can create a defensive layer, protect encapsulated cargo, and affect biological behaviors. Coating with inert polymers like polyethylene glycol (PEG) is the most commonly used method, which hinders interactions with proteins, alters the composition of the protein corona, attenuate NP recognition by opsonins which tag particles for phagocytosis, and extend the half-life of particles.36,70 Additionally, PEG coating helps the therapeutic agents reach ischemic sites, because PEGylated macromolecules tend to diffuse in the interstitial space of the heart.71 Functionalization of gangliosides can further attenuate the immunogenicity of PEGylated liposomes without damaging therapeutic efficacy.72 Removal of detachable PEG conjugates in the microenvironment of the target sites improves capture by cells. Wang and colleagues synthesized PDA-coated tanshinone IIA NPs by spontaneous hydrophobic self-assembly.73 Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is capable of condensing nucleic acid and overcoming hamper of cell membrane. Therefore, modification with PEI is mainly used for the transport of DNA and RNA.74 Of note, despite their inertness, novel NPs composed of metals can also be modified with compounds such as PEG, thiols, and disulfides.48,75 Hydrogels mixed with peptide-coated Au NPs attain greater viscosity than hydrogels mixed with Au NPs.24

Targeted delivery is a primary goal in the development of nanocarriers. Passive targeting is based on enhanced permeability in ischemic heart tissue, which does not meet the needs of clinical application.76 This fact has prompted work on targeting agent modification and magnetic guidance. Conjugation with specific monoclonal antibodies is a feasible method for delivering drug payloads targeted to ischemic lesions. Copper sulfide (CuS) NPs coupled to antibodies targeting transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1 (TRPV1), permit specific binding to vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and can also act as a switch for photothermal activation of TRPV1 signaling.52 In another study conducted by Liu and colleagues, two types of antibodies, binding CD63 (expressed on the surface of exosomes) or myosin light chain (MLC, expressed on injured CMs) are utilized to allow NPs to capture exosomes and accumulate in ischemic heart tissue. These NPs have a unique structure comprising an ferroferric oxide core and PEG-decorated silica shell, which simultaneously enables magnetic manipulation and molecule conjugation via hydrazone bonds.21 Targeted peptides such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP),43 S2P peptide (plague-targeting peptide),77 and stearyl mannose (type 2 macrophage-targeting ligand)16 allow NPs to precisely target atherosclerotic tissue and ischemic heart lesions. Modification with EMMPRIN-binding peptide (AP9) has been shown to enable more rapid uptake of micelles by H9C2 myoblasts and primary CMs and to deliver drug payloads targeted to lesions in vivo.78,79 Another strategy for targeted nanocarriers is to produce cell mimetic carriers. Using the inflammatory response as a marker after MI,76 Boada and colleagues synthesized biomimetic NPs (leukosomes) by integrating membrane proteins purified from activated J774 macrophages into the phospholipid bilayer of NPs. Local chronic inflammatory lesions demonstrated overexpression of adhesion molecules, which bound leukosomes efficiently.80

The biocompatibility of NPs is difficult to predict because any interaction with molecules or cells can cause toxic effects. Generally, NPs remain in blood, but can also extravasate from vasculature with enhanced permeability, or accumulate in the mononuclear phagocyte system.81 Important causes of NP-associated toxicity include: oxidative stress injury and cell apoptosis secondary to the production of free radicals, lack of anti-oxidants, phagocytic cell responses, and the composition of some types of particles.61 Hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and any other potential off-target organ damage caused by accumulation of particles, especially those with poor degradability and slow clearance, are also essential to explore in toxicity tests.82 Additionally, the evaluation of evoked immune responses according to the expression of inflammatory factors and stimulation of leukocytes in cell lines and animal models is also important.83

A few studies have reported NP-associated acute and chronic hazards in pharmacological applications, although some of these observations may be contentious. Specifically, aggregation of non-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been observed owing to inherent hydrophobicity of these particles.61 Aside from inflammation and T lymphocyte apoptosis, multi-walled CNTs can rupture cell membranes, resulting in macrophage cytotoxic effects.84,85 Silica NPs induce vascular endothelial dysfunction and promoted the release of proinflammatory and procoagulant factors, mediated by miR-451a negative regulation of the interleukin 6 receptor/signal transducer and activator of transcription/transcription factor (IL6R/STAT/TF) signaling pathway.8688 Metal NPs, such as Au and Ag, can also penetrate the cell membrane, increase oxidative stress and decrease cell viability.89,90 Consequently, exposure to Au may cause nephrotoxicity91 and reversible cardiac hypertrophy.92 El-Hussainy and colleagues observed myocardial dysfunction in rats given alumina NPs.93,94 Nemmar and colleagues investigated the toxicity of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) administered intravenously, which resulted in cardiac oxidative stress and DNA damage as well as thrombosis.95 Cell-derived exosomes and a majority of natural polymers are considered relatively safe;83 however, Babiker and colleagues demonstrated that dendritic polyamidoamine NPs compromise recovery from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in isolated rat hearts.96 The effects of degradation byproducts are also of concern.83 An advantage of the nanoscale size of NPs is that their injection is unlikely to block the microvascular system; however, it remains controversial whether NPs give rise to arrhythmias.97 These factors highlight that examining the biocompatibility of NPs both in vitro and in vivo is a vital component of preclinical or clinical research.

NP toxicity depends on many parameters, including material composition, coating, size, shape, surface charges and concentration.39 For instance, larger particles seem to be more favorable from a toxicology standpoint.83 However, single-walled CNTs are considered more harmful than multi-walled CNTs, due to their smaller size resulting in less aggregation and increased uptake by macrophages.61 Cationic AuNPs are more toxic compared with anionic AuNPs, which appear to be nontoxic.98 Generally speaking, NP-associated toxicity can be lowered by functionalization with nontoxic surface molecules, stabilization and localization in the region of interest by using scaffolds.24,99 The toxicity of CNTs mediated by oxidative stress and inflammation was reduced using these strategies in several studies.24,100 Local application and targeted delivery also enabled dose reduction and concurrently decreased the incidence of adverse effects. Administration of therapeutic agents directly into the infarcted or peri-infarcted myocardium is a conventional approach with a low risk of inducing embolization.

NP is a suitable method for the administration of therapeutic agents in terms of the minimization of side effects, enhanced stability of cargo, and possibility of controlled delivery and release.76 Detailed information on the experimental design and results of the latest studies on the use of NPs as therapeutic vectors are provided in Table 1. Recently, several drugs approved for clinical use as immunosuppressants have been suggested as potentially effective cardioprotective agents. For example, NPs containing cyclosporine A inhibited apoptosis and inflammation in ischemic myocardium by improving mitochondrial function.25,101 Commercial methotrexate also showed minor cardioprotective effects; additionally, when loaded into lipid core NPs, adenosine bioavailability and echocardiographic and morphometric results were all improved a rats model of MI.102 Margulis and colleagues developed a method to fabricate NPs via a supercritical fluids setup, which loaded and transferred celecoxib, a lipophilic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, into the NPs. These celecoxib-containing NPs alleviated ejection function damage and ventricular dilation by inducing significant levels of neovascularization.103 Furthermore, a series of investigations indicated that drugs used for hypoglycemia (eg pioglitazone, exenatide and liraglutide)104106 and lipid lowering (statins)107 attenuate the progression of post-MI heart failure, and are therefore also potential therapeutic cargoes for NPs in the treatment of MI.

NP systems also offer an alternative method for delivering plant-derived therapeutic agents, most of which belong to traditional Chinese medicine. Its of vital importance because of the criticization on adverse reactions caused by direct injection of such complexes. Cheng and colleagues designed a dual-shell polymeric NP as a multistage, continuous, targeted vehicle of resveratrol, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger. Due to the severe oxide stress in areas of infarction, the proposed antioxidant-delivery NPs represent a new method to effectively treat MI. These NPs are modified with two peptides, targeting ischemic myocardium and mitochondria, respectively; cardioprotective effects have been confirmed in both hypoxia/reoxygenated (H/R) H9C2 cells and I/R rats.108 In addition, Dong and colleagues also demonstrated that puerarin-SLNs produced smaller areas of infarction in a MI rat model, evaluated by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. These particles were modified with cyclic arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid peptide, a specific targeting moiety to v3 integrin receptors, which are highly expressed on endothelial cells (ECs) during angiogenesis.109 In a recent study, quercetin was loaded into mesoporous silica NPs, which enhanced the inhibition of cell apoptosis and oxidative stress, improving ventricular remodeling and promoting the recovery of cardiac function by activating the janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/STAT3 pathway.110 Similarly, curcuminpolymer NPs, administered by gavage, improved serum inflammatory cytokine levels compared with direct administration of curcumin.111

Translation of novel bioactive agents into clinical practice has been limited, owing to lack of sufficient bioavailability and systemic toxicity.76 Encapsulating small molecules such as 3i-1000 (an inhibitor of the GATA4NKX2-5 interaction),43 TAK-242 (inhibitor of toll-like receptor 4, TLR4)112 and C143 (inhibitor of ERK1/2)113 in NPs promotes myocardial repair after MI without the risk of uncontrolled and off-target adverse effects. Administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) causes elevated vascular permeability and tissue edema. The cardioprotective effects of VEGF-loaded polymeric NPs injected either intravenously114 or intramyocardially115 eliminated vascular leakage due to promotion of lymphangiogenesis. Further studies have confirmed these results and add to the evidence that combined delivery of VEGF with other growth factors is recommended, since VEGF primarily drives the formation of new capillaries.116 Furthermore, in line with previous research, similar therapeutic effects have been demonstrated in studies using polymeric NPs loaded with stromal cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).117,118

We also notice that some novel payloads in NPs-based therapy for MI have been studied. For example, deoxyribozyme-AuNP can silence tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-).119 A target that is implicated in irreversible heart damage after MI; its effects are mediated by free radical production, downregulation of contractile proteins, and initiation of pro-inflammatory cytokine cascades. Mesoporous iron oxide NPs containing the hydrogen sulfide donor compound diallyl trisulfide act as a platform for the controlled and sustained release of this therapeutic gas molecule. The application of these NPs at appropriate concentrations, resulted in the preservation of cardiac systolic performance without any observable detrimental effects on homeostasis in vivo.15

With increasing insight into the molecular mechanisms of MI, a particular emphasis on gene therapy has emerged. Gene expression can be modulated by DNA fragments, messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA), which thus represent new approaches for treating ischemia. Currently available nucleic acid delivery systems are mainly divided into viral and non-viral systems. However, virus-based approaches are limited by their potential for uncontrollable mutagenesis.36 From a clinical point of view, NP represents a suitable choice as novel non-viral nucleic acid vector, which could feasibly transfect in a stable, targeted, and sustained manner (as shown in Table 2).

Table 2 NPs-Based Nucleic Acid Delivery Systems for Treatment for MI Reported in the Last 7 Years

As a common gene vehicle, plasmids face the risk of being destroyed by DNase and immunoreactivity in the serum, and transduction in non-target organs.120 A recent study by Kim and colleagues aligns with current research trends focused on virus-free therapies, in which carboxymethylcellulose NPs were designed to transfer 5-azacytidine to halt proliferation, and deliver plasmid DNA containing GATA4, myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C), and TBX5 to induce reprogramming and cardiogenesis of mature normal human dermal fibroblasts.121 In a methodological study, lipidoid NPs were used to successfully deliver pseudouridine-modified mRNA, encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein.122

MiRNAs act as essential regulators of cellular processes through post-transcriptional suppression; increasing evidence reveals miRNAs play critical roles in cardiovascular diseases. An miRNA-transferring platform with self-accelerating nucleic acid release, containing a heparin core and an ethanolamine-modified poly(glycidyl methacrylate) shell, has been constructed and used as an efficient vector of miR-499, which inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis.123 Intravenous administration of anionic hyaluronan-sulfate NPs (mean diameter 130 nm) enable the stable delivery of miR-21 mimics, thus modulating the expression of TNF, transforming growth factor (TGF), and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1). Consequently, these NPs switch the phenotype of macrophages from pro-inflammatory to reparative, promote neovascularization and reduced collagen deposition.124 Interestingly, silencing miR-21 using antagomiR-21a-5p in a nanoparticle formulation has also been shown to reduce expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro, and attenuate inflammation and fibrosis in mice with autoimmune myocarditis.125 A number of other potentially therapeutic miRNAs have also been successfully transferred to CMs in recent works, including miR-146a, miR-146b-5p, miR-181b, miR-199-3p, miR-214-3p, miR-194-5p and miR-122-5p.126128 Evaluation of angiogenesis, cardiac function, and scar size in these studies indicated that injectable miRNANPs can deliver miRNA to restore injured myocardium efficiently and safely. Yang and colleagues developed an in vivo miRNA delivery system incorporating a shear-thinning hydrogel and NPs characterized by surface presence of miRNA and cell-penetrating peptide (CPP).126 Additionally, angiotensin II type 1 receptor-targeting peptide-modified NPs serve as targeted carriers for anti-miR-1 antisense oligonucleotide, significantly reducing apoptosis and infarct size.129

SiRNAs inhibit gene expression by mediating mRNA cleavage in a sequence-specific manner, highlighting NP-based RNA interference as another viable approach to modulate cellular phenotype and attenuate cardiac failure. Dosta and colleagues demonstrated that poly(-amino ester) particles modified by adding lysine-/histidine-oligopeptides could represent a system for the transfer of siRNA.130 Studies have now revealed that chemokine CC motif ligand 2 (CCL2) and its cognate receptor CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) promoted excessive Ly6Chigh inflammatory monocyte infiltration in infarcted area and aggravate myocardial injury.131 Photoluminescent mesoporous silicon nanoparticles (MSNPs) carrying siCCR2 have been reported to improve the effectiveness of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in reducing myocardial remodeling after acute MI.131 Targeted transportation and enhanced uptake with minimum leakage improved the efficiency of delivery via NPs, significantly outperforming the control group. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that NPs act as promising drug delivery systems in the treatment of MI.

Myocardial patches and scaffolds, consisting of either bioactive hydrogels or nanofibers, are minimally invasive, relatively localized, and targeted approaches to repair the heart after IHD. Those biomaterials must have an anisotropic structure, mechanical elasticity, electrical conductivity, and the ability to promote ischemic heart repair.132 A variety of NPs have been applied in this field, among which inorganic NPs have been the focus of most research efforts.42 These investigations of inorganic NPs can be divided into four categories based on their effects and the mechanisms involved, which are described in this section.

NPs enhance physical properties and electroconductivity, which is essential for the biomaterials to properly accommodate cardiac cells and subsequently resulted in cell retention, cell-cell coupling and robust synchronized beating behavior. CNTs are able to increase the required physical properties of scaffolds, such as maximum load, elastic modulus, and toughness.133,134 Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) also has decreased impedance, hydrogel swelling ratio, and pore diameter, as well as increased Youngs modulus when combined with gold nanorods (AuNRs).135 Given this insight, highly electroconductive NPs have been increasingly investigated.34,99 Specifically, Ahadian and colleagues revealed that a higher integrated CNT concentration in gels resulted in greater conductivity.136 Zhou and colleagues verified the therapeutic effects of patches incorporating single-walled CNT for myocardial ischemia, which halted progressive cardiac dysfunction and regenerated the infarcted myocardium.137 Spherical AuNPs have also been shown to increase the conductivity of chitosan hydrogels in a concentration-dependent manner.138 Interestingly, silicon NPs mimic the effects of AuNRs without affecting conductivity or stiffness, as reported by Navaei and colleagues.139

Several studies demonstrate the effects of CNT on CM functions. When CMs are cultured on multi-walled CNT substrates or treated with CNT-integrated patches, these cells show spontaneous electrical activity.34,99,140 Brisa and colleagues functionalized reverse thermal gels with AuNPs, investigating the phenotype of CMs in vitro; the growth of cells with a CM phenotype was observed, along with gap junction formation.141 CMs exposed to AuNR-containing GelMa show higher affinity, leading to packed and uniform tissue structure.135 These conductive scaffolds also facilitate the robustness and synchrony of spontaneous beating in CMs without damaging their viability and metabolic activity.

Combined incorporation of inorganic NPs and cells represents a feasible strategy to promote therapeutic effects. Despite some reports on the cytotoxicity of Au,89,90 no significant loss of viability, metabolism, migration, or proliferation of MSCs in scaffolds containing AuNP is reported. A CNT-embedded, electrospun chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol mesh is reported to promote the differentiation of MSCs to CMs.142 In another approach, Baei and colleagues added AuNPs to chitosan thermosensitive hydrogels seeded with MSCs.138 There was a significant increase in expression of early and mature cardiac markers, indicating enhanced cardiomyogenic differentiation of MSCs compared to the matrix alone, while no difference in growth was observed. Gao et al created a fibrin scaffold, in which cells and AuNPs were suspended simultaneously; these bioactive patches were shown to promote left ventricular function and decrease infarct size and apoptosis in the periscar boarder zone myocardium in swine models of acute MI.97 These studies of AuNP-containing scaffolds demonstrated reduced infarct and fibrotic size, as well as facilitated angiogenesis and cardiac function, which can be attributed at least in part to the enhanced expression of connexin 43 and atrial natriuretic peptide, and activation of the integrin-linked kinase(ILK)/serine-threonine kinase (p-AKT)/GATA4 pathway.49,143,144 Scaffolds containing Ag NPs evoke M2 polarization of macrophages in vitro;145 which may also play a role in cardioprotective action because M2 macrophages are capable of promoting cardiac recovery via the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, collagen deposition, and neovascularization.146

Similarly, CNT also act synergically with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) scaffolds containing adipose-derived stem cells;147 significant improvement of cardiac function and increased implantation and proliferation of stem cells has been observed with these scaffolds, compared with scaffolds without CNT.147 Selenium NPs148 and titania NPs53 have been shown to improve the mechanical and conductive properties of chitosan patches, promoting their ability to support proliferation and the synchronous activity of cells growing on these patches.

Mounting evidence demonstrates the unique benefits of using cardiac scaffolds with magnetic NPs such as SPIONs; these benefits include, but are not limited to, significant improvements in cell proliferation149 and assembly of electrochemical junctions.150 Given that magnetic manipulation enhances the therapeutic efficacy of iron oxide NPs in cardiac scaffolds, Chouhan and colleagues designed a magnetic actuator device by incorporating magnetic iron oxide NPs (MIONs) in silk nanofibers; this resulted in more controlled drug release properties, as well as the promotion of proliferation and maturation in CMs.151 Magnetic NPs can be used to label induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived CMs via conjugation with antibodies against signal-regulatory protein . Zwi-Dantsis and colleagues reported the construction of tailored cardiac tissue microstructures, achieved by orienting MION-labelled cells along the applied field to impart different shapes without any mechanical support.152 However, the interactions between and effects of NPs and cells in scaffolds, and the cardioprotective efficacy of patches in which NP-labelled cells are suspended, require further elucidation.

Polymeric nanomaterials have also been investigated in the context of cardiac bioengineering materials; for instance, water-swollen polymer NPs have been used to prepare nanogels. With a 3D structure containing cross-linked biopolymer networks, nanogels can encapsulate, protect, and deliver various agents.83,153 PDA-coated tanshinone IIA NPs suspended in a ROS-sensitive, injectable hydrogel via PDA-thiol bonds significantly improved cardiac performance, accompanied by inhibition of the expression of inflammation factors in rat model.73 After implanting cryogel patches consisting of GelMa and linked conductive polypyrrole NPs154 or scaffolds of electrospun GelMA/polycaprolactone with GelMA-polypyrrole NPs,155 left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) has been shown to increase, with a concurrent decrease in infarct size, in MI animal models.

Progenitor or stem cell-based therapy in the form of injections and engineered cardiac patches, discussed in the previous section, has been recognized as a promising strategy to improve the cardiac niche and ameliorate adverse remodeling processes and fibrosis after acute MI.56,156,157 However, poor survival and low engraftment rates for transplanted cells are still major challenges in this field.157 Among possible optimization strategies, combining NPs with stem cell therapy is of great interest (Table 3).

Table 3 Studies Combining NPs and Cell Therapy Reported in the Last 7 Years

Accumulating evidence has shown two main mechanisms for NP-loaded cell therapy in the context of MI treatment. Firstly, various NP types could efficiently improve survival and cell proliferation, modulating differentiation of implanted cells in the ischemic microenvironment.62,158 Specifically, electrically driven nanomanipulators could guide cardiomyogenic differentiation of MSCs: in a previous study, electroactuated gold NPs were administrated with pulsed electric field stimulation, and tube-like morphological alterations were observed, along with upregulation of cardiac specific markers.143 Adipose-derived stem cells that load PLGA-simvastatin NPs promoted differentiation of these cells into SMCs and ECs, and had cardioprotective effects in a mouse model of MI induced by left anterior descending ligation.17 Secondly, engraftment rate is another important factor affecting treatment efficacy in this context.159 Zhang and colleagues designed silica-coated, MION-labelled endothelial progenitor cells; intravenous administration of these cells in a rat model of MI significantly improved cardiac performance, as indicated by echocardiogram, morphological, and histological evidence, and neovascularization. This indicates magnetic guidance may potentially address the problem of low levels of stem cell retention, which has typically been observed.51 In particular, NPs can link the therapeutic cells to injured CMs, thereby promoting cell anchorage and engraftment. To this end, Cheng and colleagues established a magnetic, bifunctional cell connector by conjugating NPs with two antibodies: one against cell determinant (CD)45, which is expressed on bone marrow-derived stem cells, and one against MLC. The magnetic core of this NP also enabled physical enrichment in ischemic heart tissue using external magnets.160 More than one mechanism may be involved in a study. Chen and colleagues fabricated a sustained release carrier of insulin-like growth factor (IGF), a pro-survival agent, via in situ growth of Fe3O4 NPs on MSNPs. In this study, the NPs promoted both the survival and retention of MSCs, and intramyocardial injection of the NP-labeled MSCs was able to ameliorate functional and histological damage without any obvious toxicity in vivo.161 However, SPION labeling does not seem to improve therapeutic efficiency, as demonstrated by Wang and colleagues in a study using hypoxia-preconditioned SPION-labeled adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs).162

Primary criticisms of cell-based therapies include their potential immunogenicity, arrhythmogenicity and tumorigenicity. It is widely accepted that the beneficial effects of cell-based therapy are mainly attributable to paracrine effects rather than directly replenishing lost CMs;56 researchers are therefore investigating of cell-free approaches. Exosomes have attractive properties including stable transport, homing to target tissues or cells, and penetration of biological barriers, as well as being more biocompatible with lower immunogenicity than cell-based approaches. Interestingly, post-MI circulating exosomes serve as important cardioprotective messengers.163,164 Manipulating their biodistribution has proven to be a viable strategy to reduce infarct size, promoting angiogenesis and ejection functions.21 However, from a therapeutic standpoint, the lack of control over endogenous exosome production and cargo encapsulation limits the use of this naturally-present mechanism for therapeutic enhancement. The low purity and weak targeting of natural exosomes are two further obstacles to overcome before clinical application. Strategies to address these include finding robust sources; optimized isolation methods for higher yields, efficiency and purity; and improving therapeutic payloads. These have been systematically summarized in other reviews.165167

AS is considered a low-grade, chronic inflammatory disease, characterized by accumulation and deposition of cholesterol in arteries, as well as remodeling of the extracellular matrix in the intima and inner media.12,168 Inflammation of ECs, proliferation of SMCs, and recruitment of monocytes and macrophages play a critical role in the development of AS. NPs allow for the packaging of large amounts of therapeutic compounds in a compact nanostructure, specifically targeting pathological mechanisms and attenuating atherogenesis. Optimization of the loaded drug and NP target together lead to enhanced efficacy while minimizing side effects.169 In this section, we summarize recent breakthroughs in the order of pathological progression, as shown in Table 4.

Primary prevention refers to control of the risk factors of AS, one of which is hypertension.170 PLA NPs have been shown to improve the efficacy of aliskiren, the first oral direct renin inhibitor and the first in a new class of antihypertensive agents.29 Encapsulation in nanocarriers also renders the application of anandamide viable, which was once limited; recent research revealed that this new therapy could lower blood pressure and LV mass index in rats.171 Similar results were observed in a study in which angiotensinogen was silenced using small hairpin RNA.172 NPs may also help to make more anti-hypertensive drugs available, reduce side effects such as asthma, and lessen the effective dosage by providing sustained drug release over time. The link between AS and diabetes mellitus, which describes a group of metabolic disorders, has also been investigated in numerous studies.173 Possible mechanisms include oxidative stress, altered protein kinase signaling, and epigenetic modifications. Cetin and colleagues successfully constructed NP-based drug delivery systems for the administration of metformin, an oral antihyperglycemic agent with low oral bioavailability and short biological half-life.174 NPs are also promising tools for improving the oral bioavailability of insulin, which is of great interest because oral insulin will significantly increase patients compliance.175,176

The inflammatory hypothesis of AS is now widely established, making selective targeting and accumulation of NPs in inflammatory lesions attractive therapeutic strategies. Targeting macrophages in apoE-/- mice has been shown to result in decreased phagocytosis and suppression of inflammatory genes in lesional macrophages, thus lessening burden of atherosclerotic plaques.177 Tom and colleagues used NPs consisting of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), a known atheroprotective bionanomaterial, as carriers for TNF receptor-associated factor in mice, and observed reductions in both leukocyte recruitment and macrophage activation.178 Both single-walled CNT and HDL-NPs have a favorable safety profile. In a pathological context, activated endothelial tissue expresses more adhesion molecules, such as selectins, than usual. These molecules are thus potential targets for cardiovascular nanomedicine. Glycoprotein Ib (GPIb)179 and biotinylated Sialyl Lewis A (sLeA)69 specifically bind to selectins, leading to the accumulation of conjugated NPs in injured vessels; an in vitro study demonstrated that GPIb-conjugated NPs could bind to target surfaces, where they were taken up by activated ECs under shear stress conditions. In another study, Sager and colleagues simultaneously inhibited five adhesion molecules associated with leukocyte recruitment in post-MI apoE-/- mice. Inflammation in plaque and ischemic heart, rendering acute coronary events and post-MI complications less likely to occur.180 However, targeting inflammatory process may have heterogeneous effects in humans because the targeting moieties and target receptors may be overexpressed in several different pathologic conditions in addition to AS. Oxidation is another factor involved in the development of AS. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) leads to vascular construction and other AS-promoting effects. Pechanova and colleagues observed that the application of PLA NPs resulted in larger decreases in NOS than direct administration.29

Aside from these processes, avoiding plaque rupture and thrombosis could be another therapeutic aim. Nakashiro and colleagues showed that delivering pioglitazone via NPs inhibited plaque rupture in apoE-/- mice.181 The integrin 3 is upregulated in angiogenic vasculature, which is ubiquitous in plaque ruptures, which may lead to MI.182 3 integrin-targeted NPs provide a site-specific drug delivery platform that has been shown to successfully stabilize plaques in rabbits.182 Ji and colleagues used NPs composed of albumin with an average diameter of 225.6 nm to deliver a plasmid containing the tissue-type plasminogen activator gene (t-PA); this system plays a role in preventing thrombosis in addition to attenuating intimal thickness and proliferation of vascular SMCs.183 NPs consisting of engineered amphipathic cationic peptide and serine/threonine protein kinase JNK2 siRNA also reduces thrombotic risk, plaque necrotic area, and vascular barrier disorder in mice given the equivalent of a 14-week western diet.184

Innovation and development of therapies based on NPs in recent years has led to significant advances towards complete repair of the injured myocardium following acute MI. Nevertheless, developing clinically relevant solutions remains difficult for several reasons. Firstly, as shown in tables, there is little consistency among studies regarding the characteristics of NPs, their payloads, and their methods of administration, as well as methods used for evaluating cardiac repair. It can be difficult to control characteristics such as the size of the synthesized particles in a narrow range, even within single studies. Such significant heterogeneity can lead to differences in observed results in repeated experiments, or under different conditions. Secondly, although many studies have focused on the health effects of unintentional exposure to NPs by inhalation or ingestion,185,186 most of the studies on medical applications of NPs have not reported on toxicity of NP systems until recently.73 Remarkably, there has not been a consensus on NP-associated adverse effects in existing reports, making assessments of biocompatibility a priority for NP characterization.

NPs have emerged as a powerful tool for controlling cell signaling pathways in regenerative strategies using novel therapeutics and drugs that are unsuitable for direct administration. One advantage of the application of NP systems is the ability to release the drug payload or regulate gene expression in a stable and controlled manner. Therefore, many otherwise serious side effects, such as sudden arrhythmic deaths resulting from persistent and uncontrolled expression of miRNA by viral vectors, may be completely avoided.187 More research is required to develop stable and efficient methods of NP production, improve encapsulation efficiency of drugs, and achieve satisfactory targeting. In particular, a greater focus on investigating NP-based switches, including optical, electrical and magnetic methods, has enabled the regulation of cell signaling, exemplified by the development of a CuS NP-based photothermal switch.52 Optimizing tissue engineering scaffolds containing conductive NPs is a promising strategy for the protection of the myocardium after ischemia by mimicking the myocardial extracellular matrix. Improvements in understanding of cardiac repair mechanisms, and how these biomaterials may interfere with them, is therefore urgently needed. Furthermore, heart repair is complex and involves many processes, including apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammatory infiltration, and fibrosis. Therefore, novel treatments should be designed using NP-based integrative strategies based on these multiple different mechanisms. However, its important to highlight that synergistic effects of different drug payloads, NPs, and NPcell combined strategies should be addressed, as not all may be compatible with one another. Future research should focus on these aspects to translate NP-based therapeutic strategies for MI into practical and effective clinical use.

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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Therapy and Prevention Strategies for Myocardial Infarction | IJN - Dove Medical Press

Cardiac Stem Cells Comments Off on Therapy and Prevention Strategies for Myocardial Infarction | IJN – Dove Medical Press | October 5th, 2021

Learn how these advanced 3D tissue models generated on the Mantarray platform can improve the physiological relevance of preclinical cardiac and skeletal muscle models, accelerating the discovery of new medicines.

TORONTO (PRWEB) October 05, 2021

3D cellular models and organs-on-chips are poised to add tremendous value by providing human data earlier in the drug discovery pipeline. There is intense interest in adopting these 3D models in preclinical and translational research, but their complex implementation has remained a roadblock for many labs.

In this webinar, Curi Bio will present its Mantarray platform, which represents an easy-to-use, flexible, and scalable system for generating 3D EMTs at high-throughput with the ability to measure contractility in parallel. The platform features a novel method of casting 3D tissues that can be easily performed by nearly any cell biology researcher and can be readily adapted to a variety of cell lines and extracellular matrices. In addition, Mantarrays novel magnetic sensing modality permits contractility measurement of 24 tissues in parallel and in real time, while the cloud data analysis portal takes the guesswork out of analyzing and comparing results across experiments.

Register for this webinar to hear an overview of the technology, along with application examples across various use cases, including:

Learn how these advanced 3D tissue models generated on the Mantarray platform can improve the physiological relevance of preclinical cardiac and skeletal muscle models, accelerating the discovery of new medicines.

Join Dr. Nicholas Geisse, Chief Science Officer at Curi Bio, for the live webinar on Friday, October 22, 2021 at 1pm EDT.

For more information, or to register for this event, visit Mantarray: Scalable Human-Relevant 3D-Engineered Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Tissues for Safety and Efficacy Studies.

ABOUT XTALKS

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To learn more about Xtalks visit http://xtalks.comFor information about hosting a webinar visit http://xtalks.com/why-host-a-webinar/

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Mantarray: Scalable Human-relevant 3D Engineered Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Tissues for Therapeutics Discovery Upcoming Webinar Hosted by Xtalks -...

Cardiac Stem Cells Comments Off on Mantarray: Scalable Human-relevant 3D Engineered Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Tissues for Therapeutics Discovery Upcoming Webinar Hosted by Xtalks -… | October 5th, 2021

Today is International Heart Day, and Cosmos is looking back on the stories that make our hearts flutter.

Scientists have taken another step in the quest to create a Google map of the human body by putting together a detailed cellular and molecular map of the healthy heart.

An international team analysed almost half a million individual cells and cell nuclei from six different regions of the heart, obtained from 14 organ donors whose hearts were healthy but unsuitable for transplantation.

The result is theHeart Cell Atlas, which, shows the huge diversity of cells and reveals heart muscle cell types, cardiac protective immune cells and an intricate network of blood vessels. It also predicts how the cells communicate to keep the heart working.

Sometimes, the heart just stops for no perceivable reason. Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a prevalent hidden killer, even for younger people: 40% of those who die from SCA are under 50 years old.

SCA is not as rare as we would like it to be, says cardiologist Elizabeth Paratz, whos undertaking her PhD at the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne. In the last year in Victoria, 750 young people under 50 have suffered an SCA. This is almost exactly five times the road toll over the same time in this age group, yet we hear a lot more publicity about road fatalities in young people.

Paratz is researching the prevalence and causes of SCA, as well as looking at ways to diagnose it better. There are multiple causes of SCA, and theyre hard to pinpoint in young people.

The controversial use of stem cells to help patients recover from a heart attack may work, but not because it grows new heart muscle.

Research in mice has found that injecting stem cells into the heart triggers an immune response that makes the scar stronger and the heart beat more forcefully.

Thestudy, published in the journalNature, suggests the current practice of injecting stem cells into a patients blood may not be optimal: direct injection into the heart could be more effective.

In a preclinical trial on a beating human heart, researchers have found that a drug candidate developed from the venom of the worlds deadliest spider, the funnel web, may hold promise for heart attack treatment and transplants.

The researchers, led by Meredith Redd of the University of Queensland (UQ), and Sarah Scheuer of Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, tested a protein called Hi1a, found in the Fraser Island (Kgari) funnel web venom, on a beating heart that had been exposed to heart attack stresses.

After a heart attack, blood flow to the heart is reduced, resulting in a lack of oxygen to heart muscle, says Nathan Palpant of UQ, corresponding author of the paper.

The lack of oxygen causes the cell environment to become acidic, which combine to send a message for heart cells to die.

The Hi1a protein from spider venom blocks acid-sensing ion channels in the heart, so the death message is blocked, cell death is reduced, and we see improved heart cell survival.

The Chinese Finger Trap a tubular braided novelty beloved by kids and pranksters around the world provided the inspiration for a nifty bit of biotech that looks set to save sick kids a whole lot of heartache. Literally.

Pedro del Nido from Boston Childrens Hospital in the US heads a team that has designed a proof-of-concept device that promises to dramatically cut down on surgery for children with certain types of heart defects.

At present, kids with defective mitral and tricuspid heart valves must undergo surgery in which a corrective implant is installed. The problem, however, is that children grow: the heart increases in size, and requires at least one, and often several, further surgical interventions so that a correspondingly larger implant can be installed.

Needless to say, these repeated bouts of open-heart surgery are extremely traumatic and disruptive.

Now, however, Nido and Karp may have come up with an elegant and clever solution: an implant that grows with the organ.

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Five Heart Stories For International Heart Day - Cosmos

Cardiac Stem Cells Comments Off on Five Heart Stories For International Heart Day – Cosmos | October 5th, 2021

It is too late for conservation efforts to save the northern white rhinoceros, but with recent scientific advancements there may still be hope to bring back this beloved species. In a recently published paper, scientist Marisa Korody and her colleagues at San Diego Zoo Global (USA) and at the Department of Molecular Medicine at Scripps Research (USA) describe their exciting progress on using stem cells to revive the northern white rhino.

The northern white rhino is functionally extinct, meaning there are not enough of these rhinos left to save the species. In fact there are only two northern white rhinos left: a mother and a daughter. But for decades, scientists have preserved cell samples from 15 northern white rhinos containing enough genetic material to potentially bring this species back from the brink. These preserved samples hold fibroblast cells the type of skin cells that secrete collagen from white rhinos. With these scientists newly developed methods, fibroblast cells can be converted into something much more valuable: induced pluripotent stem cells. These stem cells can differentiate into any cell type in the body including heart cells, muscle cells, and reproductive cells.

In theory, by converting fibroblast cells into reproductive cells, scientists could create genetically unique rhino embryos. Alongside other assisted reproduction technologies, scientists could implant a new embryo into a closely-related southern white rhino, where the baby northern white rhino could develop as an otherwise normal pregnancy. By completing this process multiple times, scientists may be able to establish a stable population of northern white rhinos.

In 2011, this research team generated induced pluripotent stem cells from the samples of another endangered species, but unfortunately since this process was found to harm the recipient genomes, this method was largely unsuccessful. Despite this setback, in 2015 the authors met with colleagues worldwide to consider ways to save the northern white rhino, and they concluded that methods involving induced pluripotent stem cells may still be the most promising solution. Over the following years, the scientists worked to improve their methods, and these improvements are documented in their recent paper. These experiments represent the first step in a long-term plan to bring the northern white rhino back through assisted reproduction techniques.

Right from the start, the scientists faced a whole host of challenges. Through trial and error they modified the growth medium for the cells, optimizing it for rhinoceros cells. With their improved growth medium, scientists successfully generated induced pluripotent stem cell lines from 11 rhinoceros individuals. This has never been done before and represents a huge stride forward in the path to recovering this species.

Before trying to make their first rhino, the scientists needed to stress these induced pluripotent stem cells and sequence their genomes to determine if the cell quality is good enough to potentially produce new, viable rhinos. They maintained colonies of these cells in long-term cultures and exposed these colonies to different conditions to give insight into how resilient these cells could be. These tests demonstrated that long-term culture did not affect the potential for these cells to differentiate into cardiac lineage cells, confirming that these cells are stable long-term. The researchers also confirmed that these pluripotent cells could potentially produce gametes, the egg and sperm cells that are used for sexual reproduction. These advancements indicate that with these newly developed protocols, induced pluripotent stem cells are a promising tool that could someday help recover the northern white rhino.

Although this study includes some exciting results, there is still much work to do. For example, scientists must now sequence the genomes of the northern and southern white rhino so other researchers can analyze the stem cells ability to stay the same over time. Despite the work that still needs to be done, these promising advancements could someday help the northern white rhino population recover. This method may also work for saving other endangered or extinct species, as long as the genetic material needed is available. Long-term, these scientists plan to continue a series of experiments that could ultimately bring this beloved rhino, and potentially other endangered species, back from the brink of extinction.

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Stem cells may be the key to saving white rhinos from extinction - Sciworthy

Cardiac Stem Cells Comments Off on Stem cells may be the key to saving white rhinos from extinction – Sciworthy | October 5th, 2021

DBMR has added another report named Exosome therapeutic Market with information Tables for recorded and figure years addressed with Chats and Graphs spread through Pages with straightforward definite examination. The a-list report concentrates on broad assessment of the market development expectations and limitations. The systems range from new item dispatches, extensions, arrangements, joint endeavors, organizations, to acquisitions. This report includes profound information and data on what the markets definition, characterizations, applications, and commitment and furthermore clarifies the drivers and restrictions of the market which is gotten from SWOT investigation. Worldwide market examination report serves a great deal for the business and presents with answer for the hardest business questions. While making Exosome therapeutic Market report, examination and investigation has been completed with one stage or the mix of a few stages relying on the business and customer necessities.

Market definition canvassed in the predominant Exosome therapeutic Market advertising report investigates the market drivers that show factors causing ascend in the market development and market limitations which demonstrate the components causing fall in the market development. It helps clients or other market members to know about the issues they might confront while working in this market throughout a more extended timeframe. This statistical surveying report additionally concentrates on utilization of market, central participants included, deals, value, income and portion of the overall industry with volume and an incentive for every area. The greatness and straightforwardness proceeded in Exosome therapeutic Market business research report makes acquire the trust and dependence of part organizations and clients.

Global Exosome Therapeutic Market By Type (Natural Exosomes, Hybrid Exosomes), Source (Dendritic Cells, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Blood, Milk, Body Fluids, Saliva, Urine Others), Therapy (Immunotherapy, Gene Therapy, Chemotherapy), Transporting Capacity (Bio Macromolecules, Small Molecules), Application (Oncology, Neurology, Metabolic Disorders, Cardiac Disorders, Blood Disorders, Inflammatory Disorders, Gynecology Disorders, Organ Transplantation, Others), Route of administration (Oral, Parenteral), End User (Hospitals, Diagnostic Centers, Research & Academic Institutes), Geography (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Latin America)

Market Analysis and Insights:Global Exosome Therapeutic Market

Exosome therapeutic market is expected to gain market growth in the forecast period of 2019 to 2026. Data Bridge Market Research analyses that the market is growing with a CAGR of 21.9% in the forecast period of 2019 to 2026 and expected to reach USD 31,691.52 million by 2026 from USD 6,500.00 million in 2018. Increasing prevalence of lyme disease, chronic inflammation, autoimmune disease and other chronic degenerative diseases are the factors for the market growth.

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Exosomes are used to transfer RNA, DNA, and proteins to other cells in the body by making alteration in the function of the target cells. Increasing research activities in exosome therapeutic is augmenting the market growth as demand for exosome therapeutic has increased among healthcare professionals.

Increased number of exosome therapeutics as compared to the past few years will accelerate the market growth. Companies are receiving funding for exosome therapeutic research and clinical trials. For instance, In September 2018, EXOCOBIO has raised USD 27 million in its series B funding. The company has raised USD 46 million as series a funding in April 2017. The series B funding will help the company to set up GMP-compliant exosome industrial facilities to enhance production of exosomes to commercialize in cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry.

Increasing demand for anti-aging therapies will also drive the market. Unmet medical needs such as very few therapeutic are approved by the regulatory authority for the treatment in comparison to the demand in global exosome therapeutics market will hamper the market growth market. Availability of various exosome isolation and purification techniques is further creates new opportunities for exosome therapeutics as they will help company in isolation and purification of exosomes from dendritic cells, mesenchymal stem cells, blood, milk, body fluids, saliva, and urine and from others sources. Such policies support exosome therapeutic market growth in the forecast period to 2019-2026.

This exosome therapeutic market report provides details of market share, new developments, and product pipeline analysis, impact of domestic and localised market players, analyses opportunities in terms of emerging revenue pockets, changes in market regulations, product approvals, strategic decisions, product launches, geographic expansions, and technological innovations in the market. To understand the analysis and the market scenario contact us for anAnalyst Brief, our team will help you create a revenue impact solution to achieve your desired goal.

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Competitive Landscape and Exosome Therapeutic Market Share Analysis

Global exosome therapeutic market competitive landscape provides details by competitor. Details included are company overview, company financials, revenue generated, market potential, investment in research and development, new market initiatives, global presence, production sites and facilities, company strengths and weaknesses, product launch, product trials pipelines, concept cars, product approvals, patents, product width and breadth, application dominance, technology lifeline curve. The above data points provided are only related to the companys focus related to global exosome therapeutic market.

The major players covered in the report are evox THERAPEUTICS, EXOCOBIO, Exopharm, AEGLE Therapeutics, United Therapeutics Corporation, Codiak BioSciences, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, ReNeuron Group plc, Capricor Therapeutics, Avalon Globocare Corp., CREATIVE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY HOLDINGS INC., Stem Cells Group among other players domestic and global. Exosome therapeutic market share data is available for Global, North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America separately. DBMR analysts understand competitive strengths and provide competitive analysis for each competitor separately.

Many joint ventures and developments are also initiated by the companies worldwide which are also accelerating the global exosome therapeutic market.

For instance,

Partnership, joint ventures and other strategies enhances the company market share with increased coverage and presence. It also provides the benefit for organisation to improve their offering for exosome therapeutics through expanded model range.

Global Exosome Therapeutic Market Scope and Market Size

Global exosome therapeutic market is segmented of the basis of type, source, therapy, transporting capacity, application, route of administration and end user. The growth among segments helps you analyse niche pockets of growth and strategies to approach the market and determine your core application areas and the difference in your target markets.

Based on type, the market is segmented into natural exosomes and hybrid exosomes. Natural exosomes are dominating in the market because natural exosomes are used in various biological and pathological processes as well as natural exosomes has many advantages such as good biocompatibility and reduced clearance rate compare than hybrid exosomes.

Exosome is an extracellular vesicle which is released from cells, particularly from stem cells. Exosome functions as vehicle for particular proteins and genetic information and other cells. Exosome plays a vital role in the rejuvenation and communication of all the cells in our body while not themselves being cells at all. Research has projected that communication between cells is significant in maintenance of healthy cellular terrain. Chronic disease, age, genetic disorders and environmental factors can affect stem cells communication with other cells and can lead to distribution in the healing process. The growth of the global exosome therapeutic market reflects global and country-wide increase in prevalence of autoimmune disease, chronic inflammation, Lyme disease and chronic degenerative diseases, along with increasing demand for anti-aging therapies. Additionally major factors expected to contribute in growth of the global exosome therapeutic market in future are emerging therapeutic value of exosome, availability of various exosome isolation and purification techniques, technological advancements in exosome and rising healthcare infrastructure.

Rising demand of exosome therapeutic across the globe as exosome therapeutic is expected to be one of the most prominent therapies for autoimmune disease, chronic inflammation, Lyme disease and chronic degenerative diseases treatment, according to clinical researches exosomes help to processes regulation within the body during treatment of autoimmune disease, chronic inflammation, Lyme disease and chronic degenerative diseases. This factor has increased the research activities in exosome therapeutic development around the world for exosome therapeutic. Hence, this factor is leading the clinician and researches to shift towards exosome therapeutic. In the current scenario the exosome therapeutic are highly used in treatment of autoimmune disease, chronic inflammation, Lyme disease and chronic degenerative diseases and as anti-aging therapy as it Exosomes has proliferation of fibroblast cells which is significant in maintenance of skin elasticity and strength.

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Exosome therapeutic Market Country Level Analysis

The global exosome therapeutic market is analysed and market size information is provided by country by type, source, therapy, transporting capacity, application, route of administration and end user as referenced above.

The countries covered in the exosome therapeutic market report are U.S. and Mexico in North America, Turkey in Europe, South Korea, Australia, Hong Kong in the Asia-Pacific, Argentina, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Venezuela, Panama, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Paraguay, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Nicaragua, Uruguay as part of Latin America.

Country Level Analysis, By Type

North America dominates the exosome therapeutic market as the U.S. is leader in exosome therapeutic manufacturing as well as research activities required for exosome therapeutics. At present time Stem Cells Group holding shares around 60.00%. In addition global exosomes therapeutics manufacturers like EXOCOBIO, evox THERAPEUTICS and others are intensifying their efforts in China. The Europe region is expected to grow with the highest growth rate in the forecast period of 2019 to 2026 because of increasing research activities in exosome therapeutic by population.

The country section of the report also provides individual market impacting factors and changes in regulation in the market domestically that impacts the current and future trends of the market. Data points such as new sales, replacement sales, country demographics, regulatory acts and import-export tariffs are some of the major pointers used to forecast the market scenario for individual countries. Also, presence and availability of global brands and their challenges faced due to large or scarce competition from local and domestic brands, impact of sales channels are considered while providing forecast analysis of the country data.

Huge Investment by Automakers for Exosome Therapeutics and New Technology Penetration

Global exosome therapeutic market also provides you with detailed market analysis for every country growth in pharma industry with exosome therapeutic sales, impact of technological development in exosome therapeutic and changes in regulatory scenarios with their support for the exosome therapeutic market. The data is available for historic period 2010 to 2017.

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Exosome therapeutic Market Report- Trends Key Programs Analysis and Competitive Landscape and Forecast 2028 Amite Tangy Digest - Amite Tangy Digest

Cardiac Stem Cells Comments Off on Exosome therapeutic Market Report- Trends Key Programs Analysis and Competitive Landscape and Forecast 2028 Amite Tangy Digest – Amite Tangy Digest | October 5th, 2021

Shahid Akhter, editor, ETHealthworld spoke to Dr. Dinesh Bhurani, Director, Department of Hemato-Oncology & Bone Marrow Transplant, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, to know about the progress of NPRD and the challenges associated with blood stem cell transplants.

How do you think the National Policy for Rare Diseases will impact the treatment of patients suffering from rare blood disorders? Will it help reduce the lag that we often see in policy and practice when it comes to healthcare systems?National Policy on Rare Diseases is a step-in right direction and must be welcomed by the Indian medical fraternity. It not only recognizes rare diseases for the first time in India but also has brought forward the possibility of affordable treatment for life-threatening rare diseases which were not previously covered under the national health program. The policy advocates access for treatment through center of excellences, crowd funding and financial assistance.

The NPRD in a bid to enable patients suffering from rare blood disorders has laid emphasis on the option of one-time curative treatment through hematopoietic stem cell transplant for diseases such as Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID), Chronic Granulomatous disease, Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome, Osteopetrosis, and Fanconi Anaemia. By committing to provide a Rs. 20 lakhs cover for the one-time treatment cost of diseases falling under Group 1 through the umbrella scheme of Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi, the NPRD has attempted to provide coverage to almost 40 per cent of the population who are eligible under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana. The NPRD as a policy that advocates affordable and accessible healthcare and has the potential to lead to the creation of a conducive healthcare ecosystem whereby multisectoral partnerships can collaboratively work towards reduction in the lag between policy and practice often seen otherwise, thereby leading people to live healthier and fuller lives.

Another reason for low number of donors in India is the misconception that stem cell donation comes with a cost to donor. This idea is completely misplaced and untrue as the cost of procedure starting from sample collection, donation and travel is free of cost, and covered under the cost of treatment of a patient for whom the donation is needed. Added to this is the fact that the number of organizations working in the country in the space of blood stem cell transplant is limited at best, thus awareness generation as compared to other health issues is nominal. However, the situation is gradually evolving and ICMR in its 2021 guidelines has gone on to recognize seven registries across the country as active stakeholders in this ecosystem. This recognition by ICMR will hopefully lead to greater awareness generation.

For blood stem cell transplant knowledge is key in establishing patient donor linkage, and by storing the requisite information with them, these registries do just that. Technology is a tool that has been successfully leveraged by stakeholders in the ecosystem to establish linkages. The Hap- E Search is one such tool that has been used by hospitals in the country to find donor matches for their patients. This software is perhaps one of the most enabling tools available to us in the ecosystem, as it helps find HLA matches not just in the country but across the world. This software is now being used by many government hospitals like AIIMS, Delhi and PGIMER Chandigarh. Once the matching donor is found via the HAP-E Search, the donor is encouraged to make the donation, provided counselling and support to donate blood stem cells, and post donation the stem cells are transported to the patients location.

The NPRD proposed crowdfunding and PPP models to ensure more patients availing treatment for rare diseases. How beneficial do you think such partnerships can be to enable blood stem cell transplant ecosystem?Treatment for rare diseases has been found to be expensive across the world. It is thus that despite stem cell transplants being a proven effective solution in the case of some blood disorders, affordability continues to be a challenge for patients and their families. With treatment costs ranging anywhere between Rs. 15-45 lakh, it remains out of reach for most patients in the country. Also, blood disorders, classified as rare, have limited infrastructure in health systems, networks, and subsidies for patients to access treatments are few. In such a scenario, crowdfunding is definitely a feasible option for patients that would ensure that they do not have to forego treatment due to a paucity of resources.

As per the NPRD, the money raised through crowdfunding would directly get credited to the treatment centre thus ensuring that there is adequate linkage. Further, the public private partnership model suggested by the government has enabled it to avail the support of non- governmental and not-for- profit agencies present in the country. This is truly commendable as not only will this ensure more patient donor linkage in the blood stem transplant ecosystem but will also lead to greater awareness generation and registrations of donors as well. One significant organization that has already partnered with the government in this arena is the DKMS BMST Foundation India. With over 50,000 blood stem cell donors registered with them, this organization has been steadily working towards enabling the ecosystem. In the case of rare diseases, it is imperative that stakeholders do not work in isolation and the government working alongside the private can lead to greater hope for many patients with greater amenities and facilities for treatment being made accessible to them.

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Lack of awareness about blood stem cell donation is one of the leading causes for low number of donors in In.. - ETHealthworld.com

Cardiac Stem Cells Comments Off on Lack of awareness about blood stem cell donation is one of the leading causes for low number of donors in In.. – ETHealthworld.com | October 5th, 2021

SYDNEY, Oct. 5, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- Clinical stage drug development company Pharmaxis Ltd (ASX: PXS) today announced further positive results of data analysis from a phase 1c clinical trial (MF-101) studying its drug PXS-5505 in patients with the bone marrow cancer myelofibrosis for 28 days at three dosage levels.

Assessment with Pharmaxis' proprietary assays of the highest dose has shown inhibition of the target enzymes, LOX and LOXL2, at greater than 90% over a 24-hour period at day 7 and day 28. The trial safety committee has reviewed the results and having identified no safety signals, has cleared the study to progress to the phase 2 dose expansion phase where 24 patients will be treated at the highest dose twice a day for 6 months.

Pharmaxis CEO Gary Phillips said, "We are very pleased to have completed the dose escalation phase of this study with such clear and positive findings.We will now immediately progress to the phase 2 dose expansion study where we aim to show PXS-5505 is safe to be taken longer term with the disease modifying effects that we have seen in the pre-clinical models. The trial infrastructure and funding is in place and we are on track to complete the study by the end of 2022."

Independent, peer-reviewed research has demonstrated the upregulation of several lysyl oxidase family members in myelofibrosis.The level of inhibition of LOX achieved in the current study at all three doses significantly exceeds levels that caused disease modifying effects with PXS-5505 in pre-clinical models of myelofibrosis with improvements in blood cell count, diminished spleen size and reduced bone marrow fibrosis. LOXL2 was inhibited to a similar degree and based on pre-clinical work such high inhibition is likely replicated for other LOX family members (LOXL1, 3 and 4).[1] Study data can be viewed in the full announcement.

Commenting on the results of the trial, Dr Gabriela Hobbs, Assistant Professor, Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Clinical Director, Leukaemia, Massachusetts General Hospital said, "Despite improvements in the treatment of myelofibrosis, the only curative therapy remains an allogeneic stem cell transplantation, a therapy that many patients are not eligible for due to its morbidity and mortality. None of the drugs approved to date consistently or meaningfully alter the fibrosis that defines this disease. PXS-5505 has a novel mechanism of action by fully inhibiting all LOX enzymes. An attractive aspect of this drug is that so far in healthy controls and in this phase 1c study in myelofibrosis patients, the drug appears to be very well tolerated. This is meaningful as approved drugs and those that are undergoing study, are associated with abnormal low blood cell counts. Preliminary data thus far, demonstrate that PXS-5505 leads to a dramatic, >90% inhibition of LOX and LOXL2 at one week and 28 days. This confirms what's been shown in healthy controls as well as mouse models, that this drug can inhibit the LOX enzymes in patients. Inhibiting these enzymes is a novel approach to the treatment of myelofibrosis by preventing the deposition of fibrosis and ultimately reversing the fibrosis that characterizes this disease."

The phase 1c/2a trial MF-101 cleared by the FDA under the Investigational New Drug (IND) scheme aims to demonstrate that PXS-5505, the lead asset in Pharmaxis' drug discovery pipeline, is safe and effective as a monotherapy in myelofibrosis patients who are intolerant, unresponsive or ineligible for treatment with approved JAK inhibitor drugs. Trial sites will now open to recruit myelofibrosis patients into the 6-month phase 2 study in Australia, South Korea, Taiwan and the USA.

An effective pan-LOX inhibitor for myelofibrosis would open a market that is conservatively estimated at US$1 billion per annum.

While Pharmaxis' primary focus is the development of PXS-5505 for myelofibrosis, the drug also has potential in several other cancers including liver and pancreatic cancer where it aims to breakdown the fibrotic tissue in the tumour and enhance the effect of chemotherapy treatment.

Trial Design

Name of trial

PXS5505-MF-101: A phase 1/2a study to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic dose escalation and expansion study of PXS-5505 in patients with primary, post-polycythaemia vera or post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis

Trial number

NCT04676529

Primary endpoint

To determine the safety of PXS-5505 in patients with myelofibrosis

Secondary endpoints

Blinding status

Open label

Placebo controlled

No

Trial design

Randomised, multicentre, 4 week duration phase 1 (dose escalation) followed by 6 month phase 2 (dose expansion)

Treatment route

Oral

Treatment frequency

Twice daily

Dose level

Dose escalation: three escalating doses

Dose expansion: one dose

Number of subjects

Dose escalation: minimum of three patients to maximum of 18 patients

Dose expansion: 24 patients

Subject selection criteria

Patients with primary or secondary myelofibrosis who are intolerant, unresponsive or ineligible for treatment with approved JAK inhibitor drugs

Trial locations

Dose escalation: Australia (2 sites) and South Korea (4 sites)

Dose expansion: Australia, Korea, Taiwan, USA

Commercial partners involved

No commercial partner

Reference: (1) doi.org/10.1002/ajh.23409

AUTHORISED FOR RELEASE TO ASX BY:

Pharmaxis Ltd Disclosure Committee. Contact: David McGarvey, Chief Financial Officer and Company Secretary: T +61 2 9454 7203, E david.mcgarvey@pharmaxis.com.au

Join the Pharmaxis mailing listhere

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About Pharmaxis

Pharmaxis Ltd is an Australian clinical stage drug development company developing drugs for inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, with a focus on myelofibrosis. The company has a highly productive drug discovery engine built on its expertise in the chemistry of amine oxidase inhibitors, with drug candidates in clinical trials. Pharmaxis has also developed two respiratory products which are approved and supplied in global markets, generating ongoing revenue.

Pharmaxis is developing its drug PXS-5505 for the bone marrow cancer myelofibrosis which causes a build up of scar tissue that leads to loss of production of red and white blood cells and platelets. The US Food and Drug Administration has granted Orphan Drug Designation to PXS-5055 for the treatment of myelofibrosis and permission under an Investigational Drug Application (IND) to progress a phase 1c/2 clinical trial that began recruitment in Q1 2021. PXS5505 is also being investigated as a potential treatment for other cancers such as liver and pancreatic cancer.

Other drug candidates being developed from Pharmaxis' amine oxidase chemistry platform are targeting fibrotic diseases such as kidney fibrosis, NASH, pulmonary fibrosis and cardiac fibrosis; fibrotic scarring from burns and other trauma; and inflammatory diseases such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Pharmaxis has developed two products from its proprietary spray drying technology that are manufactured and exported from its Sydney facility; Bronchitol for cystic fibrosis, which is approved and marketed in the United States, Europe, Russia and Australia; and Aridol for the assessment of asthma, which is approved and marketed in the United States, Europe, Australia and Asia.

Pharmaxis is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (PXS). Its head office, manufacturing and research facilities are in Sydney, Australia. http://www.pharmaxis.com.au

About PXS-5505

PXS-5505 is an orally taken drug that inhibits the lysyl oxidase family of enzymes, two members LOX and LOXL2 are strongly upregulated in human myelofibrosis. In pre-clinical models of myelofibrosis PXS-5505 reversed the bone marrow fibrosis that drives morbidity and mortality in myelofibrosis and reduced many of the abnormalities associated with this disease. It has already received IND approval and Orphan Drug Designation from the FDA.

Myelofibrosis is a disorder in which normal bone marrow tissue is gradually replaced with a fibrous scar-like material. Over time, this leads to progressive bone marrow failure. Under normal conditions, the bone marrow provides a fine network of fibres on which the stem cells can divide and grow. Specialised cells in the bone marrow known as fibroblasts make these fibres.

In myelofibrosis, chemicals released by high numbers of platelets and abnormal megakaryocytes (platelet forming cells) over-stimulate the fibroblasts. This results in the overgrowth of thick coarse fibres in the bone marrow, which gradually replace normal bone marrow tissue. Over time this destroys the normal bone marrow environment, preventing the production of adequate numbers of red cells, white cells and platelets. This results in anaemia, low platelet counts and the production of blood cells in areas outside the bone marrow for example in the spleen and liver, which become enlarged as a result.

Myelofibrosis can occur at any age but is usually diagnosed later in life, between the ages of 60 and 70 years. The cause of myelofibrosis remains largely unknown. It can be classified as either JAK2 mutation positive (having the JAK2 mutation) or negative (not having the JAK2 mutation).

Source: Australian Leukemia Foundation: https://www.leukaemia.org.au/disease-information/myeloproliferative-disorders/types-of-mpn/primary-myelofibrosis/

Forward-looking statements

Forwardlooking statements in this media release include statements regarding our expectations, beliefs, hopes, goals, intentions, initiatives or strategies, including statements regarding the potential of products and drug candidates. All forward-looking statements included in this media release are based upon information available to us as of the date hereof. Actual results, performance or achievements could be significantly different from those expressed in, or implied by, these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees or predictions of future results, levels of performance, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, and which may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in the statements contained in this document. For example, despite our efforts there is no certainty that we will be successful in developing or partnering any of the products in our pipeline on commercially acceptable terms, in a timely fashion or at all. Except as required by law we undertake no obligation to update these forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

CONTACT:

Media: Felicity Moffatt: T +61 418 677 701, E felicity.moffatt@pharmaxis.com.au

Investor relations:Rudi Michelson (Monsoon Communications) T +61 411 402 737, E rudim@monsoon.com.au

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Pharmaxis Cleared To Progress To Phase 2 Bone Marrow Cancer Trial - WAGM

Cardiac Stem Cells Comments Off on Pharmaxis Cleared To Progress To Phase 2 Bone Marrow Cancer Trial – WAGM | October 5th, 2021

Trained as a chemist, biophysicist, internist, and cardiologist, Mark Yeager is eager to propel the Frost Institute for Chemistry and Molecular Science into a leading research center.

Even in his youth Mark Yeager could picture the door to his future. Scuffed, chipped, and almost black from layers of varnish, the old, wooden door had a frosted window with five words stenciled in glossy black: Laboratory of Dr. Mark Yeager.

Yet Yeager, the inaugural executive director of the University of Miamis Frost Institute for Chemistry and Molecular Science (FICMS), is quite happy that his new lab in the 94,000-square-foot building slated to open late next year wont even have a door. The $60 million facilitys open floor plan was designed to encourage the free flow of people and ideasand help transform the University into one of the worlds premier research centers for improving the health of humans and that of our planet.

That is the vision, but its not a fantastical vision, said Yeager, a distinguished biophysicist and cardiologist whose top priority is attracting a diverse and elite group of scientists as the institutes first faculty. It is achievable, and it will happen because the University has not wavered in its commitment to elevate STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) to advance scientific discovery. Theres something going on here thats organic and alive and excitingand Im thrilled to be part of it.

Yeager, whose own groundbreaking research focuses on the molecular causes of heart disease and viral infections, trained as a chemist at Carnegie-Mellon University, as a physician and biophysicist at Yale University and as an internist and cardiologist at Stanford University. He spent two decades at Scripps Research in California, where he established his first independent laboratory, served as the director of research in cardiology, and helped launch the Skaggs Clinical Scholars Program in Translational Research. He has also served as a consultant and scientific and clinical advisor to several biotech companies.

Now he is transitioning to the University from the University of Virginia School of Medicine (UVA), where he chaired the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry for nearly a dozen years and helped establish the Sheridan G. Snyder Translational Research Building. At UVA, he also established one of the nations five regional centers for cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM)the technique he advanced for flash-freezing, imaging, and studying proteins and other macromolecules in their near-natural state.

It is exciting to see the progress being made on the evolution of our Frost Institutes, starting with Data Science and Computing and now the emergence of Chemistry and Molecular Science. We are fortunate to have Mark overseeing our Frost Institute for Chemistry and Molecular Science and working across the entire institutionhis interdisciplinary knowledge and perspective on chemistry are essential for our success, said Jeffrey Duerk, executive vice president for academic affairs and provost. Mark brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to the University of Miami and we are looking forward to his impactful leadership continuing as we move forward.

Yeager said he knew he was making the right career move on his first visit to the University last November. Although the COVID-19 pandemic had curtailed in-person learning and suspended new construction, he heard the unmistakable sound of heavy equipment as he walked past the royal palms and fountain at the end of Memorial Drive, where the five-story FICMS now stands.

I could see an excavation area and heard a cacophony of construction noise where I had a hunch the institute should be, he recalled. That told me that the University was all in. They had made this commitment to fortify STEM and to do transformational science and nothing was going to stop them. In spite of the pandemic, it was all systems go.

The Universitys longtime benefactors, Phillip and Patricia Frost, enabled that commitment in 2017, when they announced their landmark $100 million gift to establish the Frost Institutes for Science and Engineering, now a key initiative of the Roadmap to Our New Centurythe strategic plan guiding the University toward its centennial mark. The umbrella organization for a group of multidisciplinary research centers patterned after the National Institutes of Health and its network of affiliated institutes, the Frost Institutes were envisioned to translate interdisciplinary research into solutions for real-world problems.

Though Yeager officially started his new role on June 1, he has been heavily involved in planning the FICMS' interior for months. He recently placed a $20 million order to equip the facility with five different electron microscopy instruments that chemists, molecular scientists, and engineers will use to explore the molecular structure of exquisitely beam-sensitive soft materials like proteins, hard materials such as metal alloys, as well as nanomaterials comprised of soft and hard components. Along with the buildings state-of-the-art technology and the Universitys research infrastructure, hes confident its location in the heart of the Coral Gables campus will help him recruit a diverse and elite group of scientists who are exploring challenging avenues of impactful researchsomething he has been driven to do almost his entire life.

An occasional songwriter, guitar player, and jogger who in his younger days ran 18 marathons, Yeager was always fascinated by scientific discoveries that illuminated unknown and unseen worlds. A child of the Sputnik era who began entering science fairs in junior high, he began forging his own career as a physician-scientist while in high school in Colorado Springs, Colorado, where his father, an agricultural economist, settled his family after a number of job-related moves.

Inspired by an experiment in Scientific American magazine, he convinced physicians in the therapeutic radiology department at Penrose Hospital to irradiate his fruit flies so he could compare the effects of administering different doses of radiation on their eye pigments. Delivered in Styrofoam cups, his experiments on what is now called dose fractionationand used to reduce tissue damage during cancer treatmentswon him first place in the U.S. Department of Agricultures 1967 International Science Fair and a research stint in an insect toxicology lab in Berkeley, California.

The following summer, when Yeager returned to Penrose Hospital to work as an orderly, he realized that he loved patient care as much as laboratory research and began plotting how he could pursue both careers.

I just got incredible satisfaction from helping patients get out of bed and into a wheelchair, transfer to a gurney, learn to use crutches, recalled Yeager, who joins the University as one of its 100 Talents for 100 Years, a Roadmap initiative to add 100 new endowed chairs to the faculty by the Universitys 2025 centennial. But I also loved chemistry. I loved physics. I loved too many things.

After earning his undergraduate degree in chemistry from Carnegie-Mellon, he was accepted to the Medical Scientist Training Program at Yale University, where, along with his medical degree, he earned his masters degree and doctorate in molecular biophysics and biochemistry. There, he encountered the first of many trailblazing scientists, including two future Nobel laureates, who would influence his lifes work. His Ph.D. advisor, Lubert Stryer, was particularly influential. Stryer authored a premier textbook of biochemistry, pioneered fluorescence-based techniques to explore the motions of biological macromolecules, and made fundamental discoveries on the molecular basis of vision. Yeagers graduate work on rhodopsin, a photoreceptor membrane protein, triggered his fascination with elucidating the molecular bases for such diseases as sudden cardiac death, heart attacks, HIV-1, and other viral infections.

Yeager completed his medical residency and specialized fellowship training in cardiovascular medicine at Stanford University Medical Center, where he managed the pre- and post-operative care of heart transplant patients and wrote 13 chapters in the book Handbook of Difficult Diagnoses.

He also continued exploring cellular biology in the laboratory of Nigel Unwin, who had collaborated with future Nobel laureate Richard Henderson to pioneer the use of cryoEM to determine the molecular structure of membrane proteinsand inspired Yeagers groundbreaking research on gap junction channels. The electrical conduits that connect every cell in the body to its neighbor, gap junction channels play a critical role in maintaining the normal heartbeat.

That research, which Yeager continued at Scripps and at UVA, explained how gap junction channels behave in their normal state, and during an injured state, such as a heart attack. His quest to answer another question particularly relevant todayhow viruses enter host cells, replicate, and assemble infectious particlesis exemplified by his breakthrough research on the assembly, structure, and maturation of HIV-1, the virus that causes AIDS.

Today, those insights, which Yeager humbly calls a few bricks in the edifice of science, hold important clues for developing new, more effective therapies to prevent HIV-1 infection, repair injured tissue, and treat cancer and cardiovascular diseasethe kind of impactful research that the FICMS was designed to advance with collaborative partners across the University, and beyond.

As a pioneer in the field of cryo-transmission electron microscopy, a forefront technology in materials and biological research, Marks expertise and knowledge will position the University as aleader in these cutting-edge fields, said Leonidas Bachas, dean of the College of Arts and Sciences who served as the initial interim director of the FICMS. We look forward to having him lead the Frost Institute for Chemistry and Molecular Science as we continue to advance the sciences, innovate, and expand research collaborations with our faculty and industry partners.

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Distinguished physician-scientist takes the helm of first Frost Institute - University of Miami

Cardiac Stem Cells Comments Off on Distinguished physician-scientist takes the helm of first Frost Institute – University of Miami | October 5th, 2021

A genetic syndrome that affects bones

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a hereditary disorder occurring in 1:10,000 births and characterised by osteopenia (bone loss) and skeletal fragility (fractures). Secondary features include short stature, skeletal deformities, blue sclera and dentinogenesis imperfect. (1) There is a large clinical variability in OI, and severity ranges from mild to lethal, based on radiological characteristics. Genetically, OI is a collagen-related syndrome. Type I collagen is a heterotrimeric helical structure synthesized by bone-forming cells (osteoblasts), and it constitutes the most abundant protein of the skeletal organic matrix. (2) Synthesis of type I collagen is a complex process. (3) Collagen molecules are cross-linked into fibrils (which confer tensile strength to the bones). Those are then mineralised by hydroxy-apatites (which provides compressive strength) and assembled into fibres.

Dominant mutations in either the COL1A1 or the COLA1A2 genes are responsible for up to 90% of all OI cases. These mutations (more than 1,000 of which have been identified) lead to impairment of collagen structure and production, which in either quantitative or qualitative bone extracellular matrix (ECM) defects. Mutations affecting ECM structure have serious health consequences because the skeleton protects visceral organs and the central nervous system and provides structural support. Bones also store fat in the yellow bone marrow found within the medullary cavity, whilst the red marrow located at the end of long bones is the site of haematopoiesis. In addition, the ECM constitutes a reservoir of phosphate, calcium, and growth factors, and is involved in trapping dangerous molecules.

Stem cell therapy for OI aims to improve bone quality by harnessing the ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to differentiate into osteoblasts, with the rationale that donor cells would engraft into bones, produce normal collagen and function as a cell replacement. Stem cells have, therefore, been proposed for the treatment of OI (4) and, in particular, prenatal foetal stem cell therapy (foetal stem cells injected into a foetus, i.e. foetal-to-foetal) approach, which offers a promising route to effective treatment. (5) Human foetal stem cells are more primitive than stem cells isolated from adult tissues and present advantageous characteristics compared to their adult counterparts, i.e. they possess a higher level of plasticity, differentiate more readily into specific lineages, grow faster, senesce later, express higher levels of adhesion molecules, and are smaller in size. (6,7) Prenatal cell therapy capitalises on the small size of the foetus and its immunological naivete. In addition, stem cells delivered in utero benefit from the expansion of endogenous stem cells and may prevent organ injury before irreversible damage. (8)

However, human foetal stem cells used are isolated from either foetal blood drawn by cardiac puncture, either during termination of pregnancy or during ongoing pregnancy, albeit using an invasive procedure associated with a high risk of morbidity and mortality for both the foetus and the mother (9). Foetal cells can also be isolated from the first-trimester liver (following termination of pregnancy) and such cells are currently used in The Boost Brittle Bones Before Birth (BOOSTB4) clinical trial, which aims to investigate the safety and efficacy of transplanting foetal derived MSCs prenatally and/or in early postnatal life to treat severe Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) (10). Alternatively, foetal stem cells can be isolated during ongoing pregnancy from the amniotic fluid, either during mid-trimester amniocentesis or at birth (11,12) or from the chorionic villi of the placenta during first-trimester chorionic villi sampling (13).

We have demonstrated that human fetal stem cells isolated from first trimester blood possess superior osteogenic differentiation potential compared to adult stem cells isolated from bone marrow and to fetal stem cells isolated from first trimester liver. We showed that in utero transplantation of these cells in an experimental model of severe OI resulted in a drastic 75% decrease in fracture rate incidence and skeletal brittleness, and improvement of bone strength and quality.(14) A similar outcome was obtained using placenta-derived foetal stem cells (15) and amniotic fluid stem cells following perinatal transplantation into experimental models. (16,17)

Understanding the mechanisms of action of donor cells will enable the engineering of donor cells with superior efficacy to stimulate bone formation and strengthen the skeleton. Despite their potential to differentiate down the osteogenic lineage, there is little evidence that donor cells contribute to regenerating bones through direct differentiation, due to the very low level of donor cell engraftment reported in all our studies. When placed in an osteogenic microenvironment in vitro, foetal stem cells readily differentiate into osteoblasts and produce wild type collagen molecules. However, there are insufficient proofs that collagen molecules of donor cell origin contribute to the formation of the host bone ECM to confer superior resistance to fracture.

It is now well accepted that stem cells can influence the behaviour of target cells through the release of paracrine factors and, therefore, contribute to tissue regeneration indirectly. We have indeed recently shown that donor stem cells stimulate the differentiation of resident osteoblasts, which were unable to fully mature in the absence of stem cell treatment. (16,17) We are now focusing our efforts on understanding the precise molecular mechanisms by which donor cells improve skeletal health to counteract bone fragility caused by various OI-causative mutations.

References

Please note: This is a commercial profile

2019. This work is licensed under aCC BY 4.0 license.

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Stem cell & gene therapy to treat osteogenesis imperfecta: hype or hope - Open Access Government

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Myles Glass has spent the past several years living life on the sidelines in a wheelchair, wishing for a better day. That day came in November 2020.

INDIANAPOLIS A 13-year-old boy living with sickle cell disease has been given a second chance at life, thanks to his mother.

Myles Glass has been through more in his young life than most adults. For the past few years, Glass has spent his days in and out of Riley Hospital for Children.

"[I] kind of have to look on the bright side of things. Being in the hospital, I meet new nurses and kids who go through what I go through. It's kind of hard to go through that at my age," Glass said.

He was diagnosed with sickle cell disease as a newborn. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, African Americans make up the largest number of people with the disease in the U.S.

Sickle cell disease is an inherited condition that impacts red blood cells and causes pain, infections and extreme fatigue. These symptoms keep Glass from doing things he loves.

"For him, it's kind of like we have to have him in a bubble," said his mother, Melissa Sanders.

Glass has spent the past several years living life on the sidelines in a wheelchair, wishing for a better day.

"[I would] hope that one day, I can do what kids do, like playing football and basketball," Glass said.

That day came in November 2020 when his mother donated bone marrow for a stem cell transplant, curing him of sickle cell disease.

"I was able to give him a second life with being a donor so that he can somewhat be a normal kid," Sanders said.

Riley Hospital for Children Dr. Seethal Jacob, who has been working with Glass and his family, said one baby every two minutes is born with sickle cell disease. She also said studies show there is a clear disparity for funding for this disease.

"There's been a lot of neglect when it comes to the disease itself. I think it's important to pay attention to the population it affects. I think that likely tells the story why sickle cell disease has been a neglected disease for so long," Jacob said.

Despite his challenges, Glass is staying positive and making strides in his physical therapy at Riley Hospital for Children.

"He's already been through harder things than most people will ever go through. I think anything else in life is going to be a piece of cake," said his physical therapist, Sarah Johnson.

"This gives me a glimpse of hope that even though you may have been diagnosed with this disease, it's not the end of the world," Sanders said.

For Glass, this is just the beginning. He hopes his story encourages other people living with sickle cell disease to keep moving forward.

"I know it's hard now, but you'll get through it. You'll be able to do what kids do your own age," Glass said.

Click here for more information on sickle cell disease and treatment options.

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Indianapolis mother gives 13-year-old son with sickle cell disease a 2nd chance at life - WTHR

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SYDNEY, Oct. 5, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- Clinical stage drug development company Pharmaxis Ltd (ASX: PXS) today announced further positive results of data analysis from a phase 1c clinical trial (MF-101) studying its drug PXS-5505 in patients with the bone marrow cancer myelofibrosis for 28 days at three dosage levels.

Assessment with Pharmaxis' proprietary assays of the highest dose has shown inhibition of the target enzymes, LOX and LOXL2, at greater than 90% over a 24-hour period at day 7 and day 28. The trial safety committee has reviewed the results and having identified no safety signals, has cleared the study to progress to the phase 2 dose expansion phase where 24 patients will be treated at the highest dose twice a day for 6 months.

Pharmaxis CEO Gary Phillips said, "We are very pleased to have completed the dose escalation phase of this study with such clear and positive findings.We will now immediately progress to the phase 2 dose expansion study where we aim to show PXS-5505 is safe to be taken longer term with the disease modifying effects that we have seen in the pre-clinical models. The trial infrastructure and funding is in place and we are on track to complete the study by the end of 2022."

Independent, peer-reviewed research has demonstrated the upregulation of several lysyl oxidase family members in myelofibrosis.The level of inhibition of LOX achieved in the current study at all three doses significantly exceeds levels that caused disease modifying effects with PXS-5505 in pre-clinical models of myelofibrosis with improvements in blood cell count, diminished spleen size and reduced bone marrow fibrosis. LOXL2 was inhibited to a similar degree and based on pre-clinical work such high inhibition is likely replicated for other LOX family members (LOXL1, 3 and 4).[1] Study data can be viewed in the full announcement.

Commenting on the results of the trial, Dr Gabriela Hobbs, Assistant Professor, Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Clinical Director, Leukaemia, Massachusetts General Hospital said, "Despite improvements in the treatment of myelofibrosis, the only curative therapy remains an allogeneic stem cell transplantation, a therapy that many patients are not eligible for due to its morbidity and mortality. None of the drugs approved to date consistently or meaningfully alter the fibrosis that defines this disease. PXS-5505 has a novel mechanism of action by fully inhibiting all LOX enzymes. An attractive aspect of this drug is that so far in healthy controls and in this phase 1c study in myelofibrosis patients, the drug appears to be very well tolerated. This is meaningful as approved drugs and those that are undergoing study, are associated with abnormal low blood cell counts. Preliminary data thus far, demonstrate that PXS-5505 leads to a dramatic, >90% inhibition of LOX and LOXL2 at one week and 28 days. This confirms what's been shown in healthy controls as well as mouse models, that this drug can inhibit the LOX enzymes in patients. Inhibiting these enzymes is a novel approach to the treatment of myelofibrosis by preventing the deposition of fibrosis and ultimately reversing the fibrosis that characterizes this disease."

The phase 1c/2a trial MF-101 cleared by the FDA under the Investigational New Drug (IND) scheme aims to demonstrate that PXS-5505, the lead asset in Pharmaxis' drug discovery pipeline, is safe and effective as a monotherapy in myelofibrosis patients who are intolerant, unresponsive or ineligible for treatment with approved JAK inhibitor drugs. Trial sites will now open to recruit myelofibrosis patients into the 6-month phase 2 study in Australia, South Korea, Taiwan and the USA.

An effective pan-LOX inhibitor for myelofibrosis would open a market that is conservatively estimated at US$1 billion per annum.

While Pharmaxis' primary focus is the development of PXS-5505 for myelofibrosis, the drug also has potential in several other cancers including liver and pancreatic cancer where it aims to breakdown the fibrotic tissue in the tumour and enhance the effect of chemotherapy treatment.

Trial Design

Name of trial

PXS5505-MF-101: A phase 1/2a study to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic dose escalation and expansion study of PXS-5505 in patients with primary, post-polycythaemia vera or post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis

Trial number

NCT04676529

Primary endpoint

To determine the safety of PXS-5505 in patients with myelofibrosis

Secondary endpoints

Blinding status

Open label

Placebo controlled

No

Trial design

Randomised, multicentre, 4 week duration phase 1 (dose escalation) followed by 6 month phase 2 (dose expansion)

Treatment route

Oral

Treatment frequency

Twice daily

Dose level

Dose escalation: three escalating doses

Dose expansion: one dose

Number of subjects

Dose escalation: minimum of three patients to maximum of 18 patients

Dose expansion: 24 patients

Subject selection criteria

Patients with primary or secondary myelofibrosis who are intolerant, unresponsive or ineligible for treatment with approved JAK inhibitor drugs

Trial locations

Dose escalation: Australia (2 sites) and South Korea (4 sites)

Dose expansion: Australia, Korea, Taiwan, USA

Commercial partners involved

No commercial partner

Reference: (1) doi.org/10.1002/ajh.23409

AUTHORISED FOR RELEASE TO ASX BY:

Pharmaxis Ltd Disclosure Committee. Contact: David McGarvey, Chief Financial Officer and Company Secretary: T +61 2 9454 7203, E [emailprotected]

Join the Pharmaxis mailing listhere

Follow us on LinkedInand Twitter

About Pharmaxis

Pharmaxis Ltd is an Australian clinical stage drug development company developing drugs for inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, with a focus on myelofibrosis. The company has a highly productive drug discovery engine built on its expertise in the chemistry of amine oxidase inhibitors, with drug candidates in clinical trials. Pharmaxis has also developed two respiratory products which are approved and supplied in global markets, generating ongoing revenue.

Pharmaxis is developing its drug PXS-5505 for the bone marrow cancer myelofibrosis which causes a build up of scar tissue that leads to loss of production of red and white blood cells and platelets. The US Food and Drug Administration has granted Orphan Drug Designation to PXS-5055 for the treatment of myelofibrosis and permission under an Investigational Drug Application (IND) to progress a phase 1c/2 clinical trial that began recruitment in Q1 2021. PXS5505 is also being investigated as a potential treatment for other cancers such as liver and pancreatic cancer.

Other drug candidates being developed from Pharmaxis' amine oxidase chemistry platform are targeting fibrotic diseases such as kidney fibrosis, NASH, pulmonary fibrosis and cardiac fibrosis; fibrotic scarring from burns and other trauma; and inflammatory diseases such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Pharmaxis has developed two products from its proprietary spray drying technology that are manufactured and exported from its Sydney facility; Bronchitol for cystic fibrosis, which is approved and marketed in the United States, Europe, Russia and Australia; and Aridol for the assessment of asthma, which is approved and marketed in the United States, Europe, Australia and Asia.

Pharmaxis is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (PXS). Its head office, manufacturing and research facilities are in Sydney, Australia. http://www.pharmaxis.com.au

About PXS-5505

PXS-5505 is an orally taken drug that inhibits the lysyl oxidase family of enzymes, two members LOX and LOXL2 are strongly upregulated in human myelofibrosis. In pre-clinical models of myelofibrosis PXS-5505 reversed the bone marrow fibrosis that drives morbidity and mortality in myelofibrosis and reduced many of the abnormalities associated with this disease. It has already received IND approval and Orphan Drug Designation from the FDA.

About Myelofibrosis

Myelofibrosis is a disorder in which normal bone marrow tissue is gradually replaced with a fibrous scar-like material. Over time, this leads to progressive bone marrow failure. Under normal conditions, the bone marrow provides a fine network of fibres on which the stem cells can divide and grow. Specialised cells in the bone marrow known as fibroblasts make these fibres.

In myelofibrosis, chemicals released by high numbers of platelets and abnormal megakaryocytes (platelet forming cells) over-stimulate the fibroblasts. This results in the overgrowth of thick coarse fibres in the bone marrow, which gradually replace normal bone marrow tissue. Over time this destroys the normal bone marrow environment, preventing the production of adequate numbers of red cells, white cells and platelets. This results in anaemia, low platelet counts and the production of blood cells in areas outside the bone marrow for example in the spleen and liver, which become enlarged as a result.

Myelofibrosis can occur at any age but is usually diagnosed later in life, between the ages of 60 and 70 years. The cause of myelofibrosis remains largely unknown. It can be classified as either JAK2 mutation positive (having the JAK2 mutation) or negative (not having the JAK2 mutation).

Source: Australian Leukemia Foundation: https://www.leukaemia.org.au/disease-information/myeloproliferative-disorders/types-of-mpn/primary-myelofibrosis/

Forward-looking statements

Forwardlooking statements in this media release include statements regarding our expectations, beliefs, hopes, goals, intentions, initiatives or strategies, including statements regarding the potential of products and drug candidates. All forward-looking statements included in this media release are based upon information available to us as of the date hereof. Actual results, performance or achievements could be significantly different from those expressed in, or implied by, these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees or predictions of future results, levels of performance, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, and which may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in the statements contained in this document. For example, despite our efforts there is no certainty that we will be successful in developing or partnering any of the products in our pipeline on commercially acceptable terms, in a timely fashion or at all. Except as required by law we undertake no obligation to update these forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

CONTACT:

Media: Felicity Moffatt: T +61 418 677 701, E [emailprotected]

Investor relations:Rudi Michelson (Monsoon Communications) T +61 411 402 737, E [emailprotected]

SOURCE Pharmaxis Limited

http://www.pharmaxis.com.au

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Pharmaxis Cleared To Progress To Phase 2 Bone Marrow Cancer Trial - PRNewswire

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Pharmaxis Cleared To Progress To Phase 2 Bone Marrow Cancer Trial – PRNewswire | October 5th, 2021

A student has completed the London Marathon alongside the stem cell donor who saved her life.

icky Lawrence, 21, from Moseley, Birmingham, was diagnosed with severe aplastic anaemia in 2008, when she was eight years old, a condition in which the bone marrow does not produce an adequate number of new blood cells.

Thanks to Elliott Brock, a physiotherapist from Mersea Island, Essex, Ms Lawrence received a transplant that same year.

Ms Lawrence sent Mr Brock a letter in 2015 and the pair met for the first time.

Fast forward to 2021 and they have just completed the London Marathon in support of Anthony Nolan.

Ms Lawrence, who is in her fourth year of a medical degree at Newcastle University, told the PA news agency that completing the marathon was absolutely amazing.

She said: Crossing the finish line was so emotional, not just because wed run 26 miles, but running 26 miles alongside the man who saved your life is a pretty big feat.

Ms Lawrence added: A big slogan of Anthony Nolan is without your support, there is no cure.

Without Elliott donating his stem cells to a stranger, I would not be here. I wouldnt have made it to Christmas. I would never have had the opportunities Ive had to go to university, to study abroad, to play hockey.

Him donating his stem cells gave me a second life and there are still so many people that need a transplant that are not finding the matches they need, especially among the ethnic minority community.

Unfortunately if you are of ethnic minority background, you only have a 37% chance of finding a match.

Mr Brock, 42, who wore a mask and cape during the race, said: That was a tongue of check nod [to the fact that the] easiest way to be called a hero is to donate your bone marrow.

I cannot emphasise to people enough that it is pain-free.

He added: It was just a day of celebration for London to celebrate having their marathon back.

The crowds were amazing and obviously to be side-by-side with the girl whose life, through the amazing work of Anthony Nolan, I managed to save sort of 13 years ago was just surreal really.

Its a lovely story of how my simple act made such a massive difference and we are able to celebrate it so many years after.

Anthony Nolan chief executive Henny Braund said: We are so grateful to Vicky and Elliott for running to raise funds and awareness of Anthony Nolan and the lifesaving work that we do.

Every day five Vickys, patients with blood cancer or a blood disorder, start their search for an Elliott.

If youre aged 16-30 and in good health, please consider joining the Anthony Nolan stem cell register. You could potentially save a life.

More information on how to join the stem cell register can be found at: http://www.anthonynolan.org/help-save-a-life/join-stem-cell-register

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Student completes London Marathon with the man who saved her life - Independent.ie

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TUCSON, Ariz., Oct. 5, 2021 /PRNewswire/ --On November 15th, 2021, healthcare professionals and the general public are invited to participate in World Cord Blood Day 2021 (www.WorldCordBloodDay.org) via a free online conference and live educational events being held around the globe. Registration is now open (free, public welcome).

Cord blood is the blood left in the umbilical cord and placenta following the birth of a child. It is rich in life-saving stem cells. While cord blood has been used for over 30 years, Covid-19 has renewed interest in this medical resource given its unique regenerative qualities and the fact that most cord blood currently stored was collected prior to the pandemic. These units are naturally Covid-free, an advantage over many other stem cell sources. Yet, cord blood is still thrown away as medical waste in the majority of births worldwide. Education is key to changing this practice and World Cord Blood Day 2021 will provide the perfect opportunity for OBGYNs, midwives, transplant doctors, nurses, parents and students to learn about this vital medical resource.

During World Cord Blood Day 2021, participants will learn how cord blood is used to treat over 80 life-threatening diseases such as leukemia and lymphoma, bone marrow failure, immune deficiency diseases and inherited blood disorders such as thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Leading transplant doctors and researchers will also highlight cord blood's role in the emerging fields of gene therapy and regenerative medicine to potentially treat cerebral palsy, autism, stroke and more.

Organized by Save the Cord Foundation, a 501c3 non-profit, World Cord Blood Day 2021 is officially sponsored by QuickSTAT Global Life Science Logistics, recognized leader in medical shipping and healthcare logistics. Inspiring Partners include Be the Match (NMDP), World Marrow Donor Association (WMDA-Netcord), AABB Center for Cellular Therapies, Cord Blood Association, and the Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy (FACT).

"QuickSTAT, part of Kuehne+Nagel, is proud to sponsor the 5th annual World Cord Blood Day to help support and educate the healthcare community and expectant parents about the life-saving value of cord blood stem cells. We're excited to play a role in the research and development of cord blood derivative therapies by providing logistics supply chain solutions to cord blood, biotech and pharmaceutical companies worldwide," said Monroe Burgess, VP Life Science Commercial Marketing, QuickSTAT.

Visit http://www.WorldCordBloodDay.org to learn how you can participate. Show your support on social media: @CordBloodDay, #WorldCordBloodDay, #WCBD21

About Save the Cord FoundationSave the Cord Foundation (a 501c3 non-profit) was established to advance cord blood education providing non-commercial information to health professionals and the public regarding methods for saving cord blood, as well as current applications and the latest research. http://www.SaveTheCordFoundation.org.

About QuickSTAT Global Life Science LogisticsEvery day, QuickSTAT, a part of Kuehne+Nagel, safely and reliably moves thousands of critical shipments around the world. For over forty years, QuickSTAT has been entrusted with transporting human organs and tissue for transplant or research, blood, blood products, cord blood, bone marrow, medical devices, and personalized medicine, 24/7/365. QuickSTAT's specially trained experts work with hospitals, laboratories, blood banks and medical processing centers, and utilize the safest routes to ensure integrity, temperature control and chain of custody throughout the transportation process. Learn more at http://www.quickstat.aero.

Contact:Charis Ober(520) 419-0269[emailprotected]

SOURCE Save the Cord Foundation

http://www.SaveTheCordFoundation.org

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Ready to Treat Over 80 Life-Threatening Diseases, Discover the Potential of Cord Blood during World Cord Blood Day 2021 - PRNewswire

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Published: Oct. 4, 2021 at 6:00 AM EDT

NEW YORK, Oct. 4, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics Inc. (NASDAQ: BCLI), a leading developer of cellular therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, announced today that Stacy Lindborg, Ph.D., Executive Vice President and Head of Global Clinical Research, will deliver a presentation at the2021 Cell & Gene Meeting on the Mesa, being held as a hybrid conferenceOctober 12-14, and October 19-20, 2021.

Dr. Lindborg's presentation highlights the expansion of Brainstorm's technology portfolio to include autologous and allogeneic product candidates, covering multiple neurological diseases. The most progressed clinical development program, which includes a completed phase 3 trial of NurOwn in ALS patients, remains the highest priority for Brainstorm. Brainstorm is committed to pursuing the best and most expeditious path forward to enable patients to access NurOwn.

Dr. Lindborg's presentation will be in the form of an on-demand webinar that will be available beginning October 12. Those who wish to listen to the presentation are required to registerhere. At the conclusion of the 2021 Cell & Gene Meeting on the Mesa, a copy of the presentation will also be available in the "Investors and Media" section of the BrainStorm website underEvents and Presentations.

About the 2021 Cell & Gene Meeting on the Mesa

The meeting will feature sessions and workshops covering a mix of commercialization topics related to the cell and gene therapy sector including the latest updates on market access and reimbursement schemes, international regulation harmonization, manufacturing and CMC challenges, investment opportunities for the sector, among others. There will be over 135 presentations by leading public and private companies, highlighting technical and clinical achievements over the past 12 months in the areas of cell therapy, gene therapy, gene editing, tissue engineering and broader regenerative medicine technologies.

The conference will be delivered in a hybrid format to allow for an in-person experience as well as a virtual participation option. The in-person conference will take place October 12-14 in Carlsbad, CA. Virtual registrants will have access to all content via livestream during program dates. Additionally, all content will be available on-demand within 24 hours of the live program time. Virtual partnering meetings will take place October 19-20 via Zoom.

About NurOwn

The NurOwntechnology platform (autologous MSC-NTF cells) represents a promising investigational therapeutic approach to targeting disease pathways important in neurodegenerative disorders. MSC-NTF cells are produced from autologous, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that have been expanded and differentiated ex vivo. MSCs are converted into MSC-NTF cells by growing them under patented conditions that induce the cells to secrete high levels of neurotrophic factors (NTFs). Autologous MSC-NTF cells are designed to effectively deliver multiple NTFs and immunomodulatory cytokines directly to the site of damage to elicit a desired biological effect and ultimately slow or stabilize disease progression.

About BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics Inc.

BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics Inc. is a leading developer of innovative autologous adult stem cell therapeutics for debilitating neurodegenerative diseases. The Company holds the rights to clinical development and commercialization of the NurOwntechnology platform used to produce autologous MSC-NTF cells through an exclusive, worldwide licensing agreement. Autologous MSC-NTF cells have received Orphan Drug designation status from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). BrainStorm has completed a Phase 3 pivotal trial in ALS (NCT03280056); this trial investigated the safety and efficacy of repeat-administration of autologous MSC-NTF cells and was supported by a grant from the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM CLIN2-0989). BrainStorm completed under an investigational new drug application a Phase 2 open-label multicenter trial (NCT03799718) of autologous MSC-NTF cells in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) and was supported by a grant from the National MS Society (NMSS).

For more information, visit the company's website atwww.brainstorm-cell.com.

Safe-Harbor Statement

Statements in this announcement other than historical data and information, including statements regarding future NurOwnmanufacturing and clinical development plans, constitute "forward-looking statements" and involve risks and uncertainties that could cause BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics Inc.'s actual results to differ materially from those stated or implied by such forward-looking statements. Terms and phrases such as "may," "should," "would," "could," "will," "expect,""likely," "believe," "plan," "estimate," "predict," "potential," and similar terms and phrases are intended to identify these forward-looking statements. The potential risks and uncertainties include, without limitation, BrainStorm's need to raise additional capital, BrainStorm's ability to continue as a going concern, the prospects for regulatory approval of BrainStorm's NurOwntreatment candidate, the initiation, completion, and success of BrainStorm's product development programs and research, regulatory and personnel issues, development of a global market for our services, the ability to secure and maintain research institutions to conduct our clinical trials, the ability to generate significant revenue, the ability of BrainStorm's NurOwntreatment candidate to achieve broad acceptance as a treatment option for ALS or other neurodegenerative diseases, BrainStorm's ability to manufacture, or to use third parties to manufacture, and commercialize the NurOwntreatment candidate, obtaining patents that provide meaningful protection, competition and market developments, BrainStorm's ability to protect our intellectual property from infringement by third parties, heath reform legislation, demand for our services, currency exchange rates and product liability claims and litigation; and other factors detailed in BrainStorm's annual report on Form 10-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q available athttp://www.sec.gov. These factors should be considered carefully, and readers should not place undue reliance on BrainStorm's forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained in this press release are based on the beliefs, expectations and opinions of management as of the date of this press release. We do not assume any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect actual results or assumptions if circumstances or management's beliefs, expectations or opinions should change, unless otherwise required by law. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements.

ContactsInvestor Relations:Eric GoldsteinLifeSci Advisors, LLCPhone: +1 646.791.9729egoldstein@lifesciadvisors.com

Media:Paul TyahlaSmithSolvePhone: + 1.973.713.3768Paul.tyahla@smithsolve.com

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BrainStorm to Present at the 2021 Cell & Gene Meeting on the Mesa - WWNY

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on BrainStorm to Present at the 2021 Cell & Gene Meeting on the Mesa – WWNY | October 5th, 2021

StemExpress to use utilize the Thermo Fisher Accula rapid PCR testing system to provide event attendees with accurate results in 30 minutes.

Published: Oct. 5, 2021 at 2:33 PM CDT|Updated: 4 hours ago

SACRAMENTO, Calif., Oct. 5, 2021 /PRNewswire/ --StemExpress is proud to announce that they will be the official COVID-19 testing provider for 2021's Meeting on the Mesa, a hybrid event bringing together great minds in the cell and gene biotech sphere. It has partnered with Alliance for Regenerative Medicine to comply with the newly implemented California state COVID-19 vaccination and testing policy regarding gatherings with 1,000 or more attendees. This partnership will allow the vital in-person networking aspect of the event to commence while protecting the health and safety of participants and attendees.

In-person networking commences at the 2021 Cell and Gene Meeting on the Mesa with COVID-19 testing options provided by StemExpress.

As a leading global provider of human biospecimen products, StemExpress understands the incredible impact that Meeting on the Mesa has on the industry and has been a proud participant for many years. For over a decade, StemExpress has provided the cell and gene industry with vital research products and holds valued partnerships with many of this year's participants. As such, it understands the immense value that in-person networking provides and is excited to help bring this element back to the meeting safely and responsibly.

StemExpress has been a trusted provider of widescale COVID-19 testing solutions since early 2020 - providing testing for government agencies, public health departments, private sector organizations, and the public nationwide. For Meeting on the Mesa, StemExpress is offering convenient testing options for unvaccinated attendees and those traveling from outside of the country. Options will include take-home RT-PCR COVID Self-Testing Kits and on-site, rapid PCR testing for the duration of the event. The self-testing kit option allows attendees to test for COVID in the days leading up to the event for a seamless admission and the days following the event to confirm they haven't been exposed. The on-site rapid testing option utilizes the new Thermo Fisher Accula, offering in-person testing at the event with results in around 30 minutes. StemExpress is excited to bring these state-of-the-art COVID testing solutions to the frontlines of the Cell & Gene industry to allow for safe in-person connections.

The StemExpress partnership with Alliance for Regenerative Medicine seeks to empower the entire cell and gene industry with a long-awaited opportunity to return to traditional networking practices. It is well known that innovation doesn't exist in a vacuum - allowing great minds to come together is a sure way to spur scientific growth and advance cutting-edge research, giving hope for future cures.

Cell and Gene Meeting on the Mesa will take place October 12th, 2021, through October 14th, 2021, at Park Hyatt Aviara,7100 Aviara Resort Drive Carlsbad, CA 92011. To learn more about the event, please visit MeetingOnTheMesa.com.

For more information about COVID testing solutions for businesses and events, visit https://www.stemexpress.com/covid-19-testing/.

About StemExpress:

Founded in 2010 and headquartered in Sacramento, California, StemExpress is a leading global biospecimen provider of human primary cells, stem cells, bone marrow, cord blood, peripheral blood, and disease-state products. Its products are used for research and development, clinical trials, and commercial production of cell and gene therapies by academic, biotech, diagnostic, pharmaceutical, and contract research organizations (CRO's).

StemExpress has over a dozen global distribution partners and seven (7) brick-and-mortar cellular clinics in the United States, outfitted with GMP certified laboratories. StemExpress runs its own non-profit supporting STEM initiatives, college and high school internships, and women-led organizations. It is registered with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is continuously expanding its network of healthcare partnerships, which currently includes over 50 hospitals in Europe and 3 US healthcare systems - encompassing 31 hospitals, 35 outpatient facilities, and over 200 individual practices and clinics.

StemExpress has been ranked by Inc. 500 as one of the fastest-growing companies in the U.S.

About the Alliance for Regenerative Medicine:

The Alliance for Regenerative Medicine (ARM) is the leading international advocacy organization dedicated to realizing the promise of regenerative medicines and advanced therapies. ARM promotes legislative, regulatory, reimbursement and manufacturing initiatives to advance this innovative and transformative sector, which includes cell therapies, gene therapies and tissue-based therapies. Early products to market have demonstrated profound, durable and potentially curative benefits that are already helping thousands of patients worldwide, many of whom have no other viable treatment options. Hundreds of additional product candidates contribute to a robust pipeline of potentially life-changing regenerative medicines and advanced therapies. In its 12-year history, ARM has become the voice of the sector, representing the interests of 400+ members worldwide, including small and large companies, academic research institutions, major medical centers and patient groups. To learn more about ARM or to become a member, visit http://www.alliancerm.org.

Media Contact: Anthony Tucker, atucker@stemexpress.com

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SOURCE StemExpress

The above press release was provided courtesy of PRNewswire. The views, opinions and statements in the press release are not endorsed by Gray Media Group nor do they necessarily state or reflect those of Gray Media Group, Inc.

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StemExpress Partners with the Alliance for Regenerative Medicine to Provide COVID-19 Testing for the Cell and Gene Meeting on the Mesa - WSAW

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on StemExpress Partners with the Alliance for Regenerative Medicine to Provide COVID-19 Testing for the Cell and Gene Meeting on the Mesa – WSAW | October 5th, 2021

Bone marrow transplantation, also referred to as hematopoieticular somatic cell transplantation, may be a sort of major surgery . It involves the transplantation of multidimensional, immature, and constantly dividing stem-cells from bone marrow, duct , or other sources. It are often autologous, polyglobulogenic or maybe syngenetic. This treatment are often wont to treat a good range of great diseases, like MS , red blood cell disease, paralysis agitans , disease , bone marrow cancer, leukemia, bone infection, myeloma , age related degeneration and more.

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Market Dynamics

High prevalence of cancer is predicted to propel growth of the worldwide bone marrow transplant market. as an example , consistent with Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, 176,200 people within the US are expected to be diagnosed with leukemia, lymphoma or myeloma in 2019. Moreover, increasing adoption of bone marrow transplant is additionally expected to assist in growth of the market. as an example , in August 2020, CytoDyn Inc., a late-stage biotechnology company, announced its efforts to duplicate Berlin and London patients HIV cure by using leronlimab during bone marrow transplant for five HIV patients who even have cancer.

Availability of effective therapies for the treatment of acute graft versus host disease is predicted to supply lucrative growth opportunities for players within the global bone marrow transplant market. as an example , in September 2020, Avalon GloboCare Corp., a clinical-stage developer of cell-based technologies and therapeutics, launched its new allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cell therapeutic platform a possible therapy for COVID-19 and for bone marrow transplant related complications of acute graft versus host disease.

However, bone marrow transplant may cause various complications like acute graft versus host disease, which is predicted to hinder growth of the worldwide bone marrow transplant market.

Among regions, the center East is predicted to witness significant growth within the global bone marrow transplant market, due to increasing adoption of bone marrow transplant within the region. as an example , in July 2020, Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Centre (ADSCC) and Sheikh Khalifa Medical City announced the primary ever successful bone marrow transplant administered within the UAE.

Competitive Analysis

Major players operating within the global bone marrow transplant market include, Lonza Group Ltd., Merck Millipore Corporation, Sanofi-Aventis LLC, AllCells LLC, STEMCELL Technologies, and American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Inc.

Key players within the global bone marrow transplant market are focused on adopting collaboration and partnership strategies to expand their product portfolio. as an example , in November 2019, Lonza Group Ltd. partnered with Cryoport, Inc. within the cell and gene therapy field and across Lonzas vein-to-vein delivery network.

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Bone Marrow Transplant Market: North America to Dominate Market through 2027; Europe to Witness Steady Growth Over 2021-2027 UNLV The Rebel Yell -...

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Bone Marrow Transplant Market: North America to Dominate Market through 2027; Europe to Witness Steady Growth Over 2021-2027 UNLV The Rebel Yell -… | September 1st, 2021

DBMR has added a new report titled Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells (BMSCS) Market with analysis provides the insights which bring marketplace clearly into the focus and thus help organizations make better decisions. With a devotion and commitment of supreme level of resilience and integrated approaches, Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells (BMSCS) Market research report has been structured. The report also puts a light on growth opportunity assessment (GOA), customer insights (CI), competitive business intelligence (CBI), and distribution channel assessment (DCA). This world class market report analyses and evaluates the important industry trends, market size, market share estimates, and sales volume with which industry can speculate the strategies to increase return on investment (ROI). The statistics have been represented in the graphical format for an unambiguous understanding of facts and figures.

An influential Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells (BMSCS) Market report brings into focus plentiful of factors such as the general market conditions, trends, inclinations, key players, opportunities, and geographical analysis which all aids to take business towards the growth and success. This report provides the broader perspective of the market place with its comprehensive market insights and analysis which eases surviving and succeeding in the market. Moreover, this market report explains better market perspective in terms of product trends, marketing strategy, future products, new geographical markets, future events, sales strategies, customer actions or behaviors. Hence, the credible report brings into the focus, the more important aspects of the market or industry.

Bone marrow-derivedstem cells(BMSCS) market is expected to gain market growth in the forecast period of 2020 to 2027. Data Bridge Market Research analyses the market to growing at a CAGR of 10.4% in the above-mentioned forecast period. Increasing awareness regarding the benefits associates with the preservation of bone marrow derived stem cells will boost the growth of the market.

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The major players covered in the bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCS) market report are CBR Systems, Inc, Cordlife Sciences India Pvt. Ltd., Cryo-Cell International, Inc.ESPERITE N.V., LifeCell International Pvt. Ltd., StemCyte India Therapeutics Pvt. Ltd, PerkinElmer Inc, Global Cord Blood Corporation., Smart Cells International Ltd., Vita 34 among other domestic and global players. Market share data is available for Global, North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific (APAC), Middle East and Africa (MEA) and South America separately. DBMR analysts understand competitive strengths and provide competitive analysis for each competitor separately.

Some of the factors such as introduction of novel technologies for the preservation of stem cells and their storage, surging investment that will help in research activities leading to stem cells benefits, adoption of hemotopoietic stem cell transplantation system will accelerate the growth of the bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCS) market in the forecast period of 2020-2027. Various factors that will create opportunities in the bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCS) market are increasing occurrences of various diseases along with rising applications in emerging economies.

Large cost of operation and strict regulatory framework will restrict the growth of bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCS) market in the above mentioned forecast period. Ethical concern leading to stem cells will become the biggest challenge in the market growth.

Global Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells (BMSCS) Market By Service Type (Sample Preservation and Storage, Sample Analysis, Sample Processing, Sample Collection and Transportation), Application (Personalized Banking Applications, Research Applications, Clinical Applications), Country (U.S., Canada, Mexico, Germany, Italy, U.K., France, Spain, Netherland, Belgium, Switzerland, Turkey, Russia, Rest of Europe, Japan, China, India, South Korea, Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Rest of Asia- Pacific, Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Israel, Rest of Middle East & Africa), Market Trends and Forecast to 2027

Global Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells (BMSCS) Market Scope and Market Size

Bone marrow-derivedstem cells(BMSCS) market is segmented on the basis of service type and application. The growth amongst these segments will help you analyse meagre growth segments in the industries, and provide the users with valuable market overview and market insights to help them in making strategic decisions for identification of core market applications.

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Bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCS) market also provides you with detailed market analysis for every country growth in healthcare expenditure for capital equipments, installed base of different kind of products for bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCS) market, impact of technology using life line curves and changes in healthcare regulatory scenarios and their impact on the bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCS) market. The data is available for historic period 2010 to 2018.

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Competitive Landscape and Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells (BMSCS) Market Share Analysis

Bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCS) market competitive landscape provides details by competitor. Details included are company overview, company financials, revenue generated, market potential, investment in research and development, new market initiatives, global presence, production sites and facilities, production capacities, company strengths and weaknesses, product launch, product width and breadth, application dominance. The above data points provided are only related to the companies focus related to bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCS) market.

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Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells (BMSCS) Market : Size & Trends Shows a Rapid Growth by 2028 UNLV The Rebel Yell - UNLV The Rebel Yell

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells (BMSCS) Market : Size & Trends Shows a Rapid Growth by 2028 UNLV The Rebel Yell – UNLV The Rebel Yell | September 1st, 2021

Medical science is starting to license and use drugs and procedures that change the genetic code inside the bodys cells, and to correct the bad code that can give rise to conditions such as cancer and the auto-immune diseases. Since HIV is a disease that results from a virus inserting such a piece of bad code into our genes, such therapies could be used to snip out that code and effect a cure.

This was what attendees at last months International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Science (IAS 2021) heard at the workshop on curing HIV. The workshop opened with two introductory talks by Professor Hans-Peter Kiem, the chair of gene therapy at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle in the US (the Fred Hutch) and, in a joint presentation, by the Fred Hutchs Dr Jennifer Adair and Dr Cissy Kityo of the Joint Clinical Research Centre (JCRC) in Kampala, Uganda.

The latter talk was a sign of acknowledgement that, while the prospects for genetic medicine are brighter than ever before, their expense and sophistication do not fit well with the global epidemiology of HIV, which mainly affects the worlds poorest and most disadvantaged communities. Despite this, Fred Hutch and JCRC have embarked upon a joint research programme to develop within the next few years a genetic therapy treatment for HIV that could be realistically scaled up for use in lower-income settings.

A unit of heredity, that determines a specific feature of the shape of a living organism. This genetic element is a sequence of DNA (or RNA, for viruses), located in a very specific place (locus) of a chromosome.

A type of experimental treatment in which foreign genetic material (DNA or RNA) is inserted into a person's cells to prevent or fight disease.

To eliminate a disease or a condition in an individual, or to fully restore health. A cure for HIV infection is one of the ultimate long-term goals of research today. It refers to a strategy or strategies that would eliminate HIV from a persons body, or permanently control the virus and render it unable to cause disease. A sterilising cure would completely eliminate the virus. A functional cure would suppress HIV viral load, keeping it below the level of detection without the use of ART. The virus would not be eliminated from the body but would be effectively controlled and prevented from causing any illness.

The body's mechanisms for fighting infections and eradicating dysfunctional cells.

In cell biology, a structure on the surface of a cell (or inside a cell) that selectively receives and binds to a specific substance. There are many receptors. CD4 T cells are called that way because they have a protein called CD4 on their surface. Before entering (infecting) a CD4 T cell (that will become a host cell), HIV binds to the CD4 receptor and its coreceptor.

HIV cure research pioneer Dr Paula Cannon of the University of Southern California, chairing the session, said: After several decades of effort and false starts, gene therapies now hold out promise for diseases that were previously untreatable.

Hans-Peter Kiem acknowledged the pivotal role of community advocacy in supporting cure research, noting that his project, defeatHIV, was one of the first beneficiaries of a grant from the Martin Delaney Collaboratories, named after the celebrated US treatment activist who died in 2009.

The other factor that gave impetus to HIV cure research was, of course, the announcement that someone had been cured: Timothy Ray Brown, whose HIV elimination was first announced in 2008 and who came forward publicly in 2010. He died in 2019 from the leukaemia whose treatment led to his HIV cure but by then had had 13 years of post-HIV life. He had survived long enough to talk with Adam Castillejo, the second person cured of HIV, and encourage him to come forward too.

Timothy and Adams stories showed that HIV could be cured, and with a crude form of gene therapy too: cancer patients, they were both given bone marrow transplants from donors whose T-cells lacked the gene for the CCR5 receptor, which is necessary for nearly all HIV infection.

But there have only been two cures for two reasons: firstly, bone marrow transplant is itself a very risky procedure involving deleting and replacing the entire immune system of already sick patients. In 2014 Browns doctor, Gero Hutter, reported that Timothy Ray Brown was only one of out of eight patients on whom the procedure had been tried, but that all the others had died.

Secondly, compatible bone marrow donors are hard to come by as it is, and restricting them to the 1% or so of people who lack the CCR5 receptor, all of them of northern European ancestry, means very few people could benefit from this approach. Attempting transplant with T-cells that do not lack CCR5, in the hope that replacing the immune system with cells from a person without cancer will also get rid of their HIV anyway, has produced temporary periods of undetectable HIV off therapy, but the virus has always come back.

(People like Brown and Castillejo, whose HIV infection was cured by medical intervention, need to be distinguished from people who seem to have spontaneously cured themselves, such as Loreen Willenberg: such people are of course of great interest to cure researchers, but the trick is to make it happen consistently in other people.)

Brown and Castillejos cures, as transplants, were so-called allogenic, meaning that the HIV-resistant cells came from another person. Better would be autogenic transplants, in which immune system cells are taken from a person with HIV, genetically altered in the lab dish to make them resistant to HIV, and then re-introduced. This type of procedure written about for aidsmap as long ago as 2011 by treatment advocate Matt Sharp, who underwent one.

The repertoire of gene therapies is not restricted to CCR5 deletion. Gene therapy is immensely versatile, and could be used in a number of ways.

Instead of using gene therapy to make cells resistant to HIV, it could directly repair defective genes in cells by means of cut-and-paste technology such as CRISPR/Cas9. This is already being used in trials for some genetic conditions such as cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell anaemia. Given that HIV-infected cells are also defective in the sense that they contain lengths of foreign DNA that shouldnt be there, they are amenable to the same molecular editing. Early trials have produced promising results but the challenge, as it has been in a lot of gene therapy, is to ensure that the cells containing DNA are almost entirely eliminated.

One way of doing this is not to delete the HIV DNA from infected cells but to preferentially kill off the cells themselves by creating so-called chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells. These are T-lymphocytes whose genes have been modified so that their usual receptors such as CD4 or CD8 have been replaced with receptors attuned very specifically to antigens (foreign or unusual proteins) displayed by infected cells and cancer cells. A couple of CAR cell therapies are already licensed for cancers; the problem with HIV is that the reservoir cells do not display immune-stimulating antigens on their surfaces. This means that CAR T-cells would have to be used alongside drugs such as PD-1 inhibitors that stop the cells retreating into their quiescent reservoir phase, an approach demonstrated at IAS 2021.

A couple of other approaches could be used to produce either vaccines or cures. One is to engineer B-cells so they produce broadly neutralising antibodies. A way of tweaking them to do this, called germline targeting, is covered was also discussed at IAS 2021, but if we manage to generate B-cells that can do this, we could then in theory directly edit their genes to make them do the same thing.

"Timothy Ray Brown and Adam Castillejo were both given bone marrow transplants from donors whose T-cells lacked the gene for the CCR5 receptor."

The other way is to induce cells to make viral antigens or virus-like particles that the immune system then reacts to. Scientists have been working on this technique for 20 years and it triumphed last year when the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 virus had over 90% success in suppressing symptomatic COVID-19. These vaccines are not genetic engineering in the sense of altering the genome of cells; rather, they introduce a product of the genetic activation in cells, the messenger RNA that is produced when genes are read and which is sent out into the rest of the cell to tell it to make proteins.

However because HIV is more variable and less immunogenic than SARS-CoV-2, the vaccine induced by the RNA would have to be something that looked much more like a whole virus than just the bare spike protein induced by the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines. If there was such a vaccine could be used both therapeutically as well as in prevention, by stimulating an immune reaction to activated HIV-infected cells. Moderna have announced they will now resume the HIV vaccine research they were working on when COVID-19 hit.

The problem with all these more gentle procedures is that it has proved difficult to replace all the HIV-susceptible cells with the HIV-resistant or HIV-sensitised ones: although engraftment takes place, meaning that the autologous cells are not rejected by the body and are able to establish a population for some time (in some animal experiments, replacing as much as 90% of the native immune cells), eventually the unaltered immune cells tend to win out because the introduced cells lack the deep reservoir of replenishing cells.

Kiem said that the way scientists have been trying to get round this is to only select and alter so-called haematopoeic stem cells (HSCs). These rare and long-lived cells, found in the bone marrow, are the replenishing reservoir of the immune system. They differentiate when they reproduce and give rise to all the immune cells that do different things: CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes, B-cells that make antibodies, macrophages that engulf pathogens, dendritic cells, monocytes, natural killer cells, and others.

Altering HSCs genetically so that they are able to fight HIV in one way or another could in theory give rise to a persistent, HIV-resistant immune system. They could in theory lie in wait and be ready to produce effector cells of various types. They would be ready when a new HIV infection comes along (if used as a vaccine) or when HIV viral rebound happens and there is detectable virus in the body (if used as part of a cure). If a person with CAR-engineered stem cells could have repeated cycles of treatment interruption, their HIV reservoir could in theory slowly be deleted.

"Gene therapies are astonishingly expensive."

As mentioned above, although genetic medicine shows enormous promise, the complexity and expense of its techniques means that at present it is unlikely to benefit most people who really need it.

Hans-Peter Kiem said that currently about 60 million people have conditions that could benefit from gene therapy. The vast majority of these either have HIV (37 million) or haemoglobinopathies blood-malformation diseases such as sickle-cell anaemia and thalassaemia that are also concentrated in the lower-income world (20 million).

Dr Jennifer Adair, one of the first researchers to have proposed collaboration on gene therapies for HIV with African institutes, said that gene therapies have already been licensed for conditions such as thalassaemia, spinal muscular atrophy, T-cell lymphoma and a form of early-onset blindness.

But they are astonishingly expensive. The worlds most expensive drug tag goes, depending on which source you read, either to Zynteglo, a genetic medicine correcting malformed beta-haemoglobin and licensed in the US for thalassaemia, or Zolgensma, a drug licensed in Europe and given to children to correct the defective gene that results in spinal muscular atrophy.

Both cost about 1.8 million for a single dose. The price is not just due to the cost of the complex engineering used to make them, but because they are used to treat rare diseases and so have a small market.

At present the technology need to engineer autogenic genetically engineered cells is, if anything, even more expensive and complex than that needed to introduce allogenic cells. It can involve in the region of ten staff and a workspace of 50 square metres per patient. Recently a so-called gene therapy in a box has been made available that can reduce the area needed to produce autogenic genetically-engineered cells from 50 to less than one square metre, and the staff need to one or two, But what is really needed is genetic engineering in a shot; a therapy similar to a vector or RNA vaccine that can be introduced as an injection and produces the genetic changes needed within the body.

Undaunted by the challenges, the US National Institutes of Health are collaborating with the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation to work on a combined programme of HIV and sickle-cell-anaemia genetic therapy (given that something that works for one could be adapted to work with the other).

And the Fred Hutchinson Center has teamed up with the Joint Clinical Research Centre in Uganda with the very ambitious goal of making a genetic therapy that would be at least ready for human testing within two years in an African setting, and that could be scaled up to be economical for Africa if successful.

Dr Cissy Kityo of JCRC in Uganda told the conference that as of 2020, there were 373 trials of gene therapy products registered, of which 35 were in phase III efficacy trials. The global budget for regenerative medicine, which includes genetic therapy and related techniques, was $19.9 billion, having jumped by 30% since the previous year. The US Food and Drug Administration projects that based on the current rate of progress and the development pipeline, they may be licensing around 100 gene-therapy products a year by 2025.

This branch of medicine is no longer exotic, she said. Now steps have to be taken to trial gene therapies in the people who needed them most, and to turn the exotic into the affordable, she added.

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Could gene therapies be used to cure more people with HIV? - aidsmap

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Could gene therapies be used to cure more people with HIV? – aidsmap | September 1st, 2021

DetailsCategory: DNA RNA and CellsPublished on Tuesday, 31 August 2021 18:23Hits: 284

Encouraging data confirming activity in a solid tumor indication presented on first nine patients at low dose cohorts in ongoing autologous CAR-T trial in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer

Three patients showed a greater than 50% decline in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and concordant PSMA-PET imaging results, including one patient at lowest dose with evidence of complete tumor elimination

Favorable safety profile with modest overall rates of CRS and no neurotoxicity observed

SAN DIEGO, CA, USA I August 31, 2021 I Poseida Therapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq: PSTX), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company utilizing proprietary genetic engineering platform technologies to create cell and gene therapeutics with the capacity to cure, today announced preliminary results from its Phase 1 clinical trial of P-PSMA-101, the Company's solid tumor autologous CAR-T product candidate to treat patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). These data will be presented at the 6th Annual CAR-TCR Summit virtual meeting at 10:00am ET today in a presentation entitled, "P-PSMA-101 is a High-Tscm Autologous CAR-T Targeting PSMA Producing Exceptionally Deep and Durable Responses in Castration-Resistant Metastatic Prostate Cancer."

"We are excited about the preliminary data from our Phase 1 trial of P-PSMA-101, which provides further evidence of the effectiveness of our CAR-T platform for solid tumor cancers," said Eric Ostertag, M.D., Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer of Poseida, who will present at the CAR-TCR Summit. "To date, other CAR-T therapeutics have not had much success outside of hematologic malignancies. The deep and durable responses in our trial demonstrate that CAR-T products have the potential to work well against solid tumors, even at low doses, when using the appropriate technology platform."

Efficacy:

As of the cutoff date, the study had enrolled a total of nine patients with mCRPC: five patients at Dose A who each received a single treatment of 0.25X10E6 cells/kg (an average of about 20M cells), and four patients at Dose B, who each received a single treatment of 0.75X10E6 cells/kg (an average of about 60M cells). All patients received a lymphodepletion regimen consisting of 30 mg/m2 fludarabine + 300 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide. Patients were heavily pre-treated, having received an average of six prior lines of therapy with a median time since diagnosis of 6.4 years.

Key findings included:

-Five patients dosed showed measurable declines in PSA levels-Three patients treated showed a greater than 50% decline in PSA levels and had concordant improvements in PSMA-PET imaging-One patient demonstrated evidence of complete tumor elimination and remains in a durable response of greater than five months at the time of this presentation

"This innovative Poseida PSMA-directed CAR T cell platform has demonstrated a robust anti-tumor response in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer," commented Susan F. Slovin, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Vice Chair of Academic Administration at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and investigator on the trial. "This is the first time that I have seen such impressive responses with an immunotherapy product. The responses of my patients in the trial are far beyond my expectations."

Safety and Tolerability:

P-PSMA-101 demonstrated a favorable safety and tolerability profile. After a previously reported case of Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS) exacerbated by patient non-compliance, only three cases of possible Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) were observed, which were all low grade (1/2) and were managed well with early treatment. No cases of neurotoxicity (CRES/ICANS) were observed as of the cutoff date.

The Phase 1 trial is an open label, multi-center, 3+3 dose-escalating study designed to assess the safety of P-PSMA-101 in up to 40 adult subjects with mCRPC. The primary objectives of this study are to determine the safety, efficacy, and maximum tolerated dose of P-PSMA-101. Additional information about the study is available at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov using identifier: NCT04249947.

"We believe the key to success in solid tumors is a product with a high percentage of desirable stem cell memory T cells (Tscm)," said Matthew Spear, M.D., Chief Medical Officer of Poseida. "In this study, we have demonstrated that a high-percentage Tscm CAR-T product can home to the bone marrow and, in at least one case, completely eliminate tumor. This bone marrow homing property may be particularly important for bone avid diseases such as prostate adenocarcinoma. Importantly, the favorable tolerability associated with our Tscm CAR-T products has carried over to prostate cancer where we have so far seen manageable cytokine release syndrome and no neurotoxicity."

Company-Hosted Conference Call and Webcast Information

Poseida's management team will host a conference call and webcast today, August 31, 2021 at 11:00am ET. The dial-in conference call numbers for domestic and international callers are (866) 939-3921 and (678) 302-3550, respectively. The conference ID number for the call is 50220147. Participants may access the live webcast and the accompanying presentation materials on Poseida's website at http://www.poseida.com in the Investors section under Events and Presentations. An archived replay of the webcast will be available for 30 days following the event.

Additional CAR-TCR Summit Highlights

Presentation: "Developing CAR-T Cells for Multiple Myeloma: From Autologous to Allogeneic"Session Date/Time: Wednesday, September 1, 2021, 4:00pm ETPresenter: Matthew Spear, M.D., CMO, Poseida Therapeutics

This presentation will outline Phase 1 and 2 development of the Company's lead autologous P-BCMA-101 CAR-T therapy and insights that were used to develop a fully allogeneic version, P-BCMA-ALLO1 that is expected to enter the clinic soon. The presentation will be part of the afternoon session on the Clinical Management Track.

Presentation: "Advancing Nonviral Manufacturing for Multi-Product Allogeneic T-Cell Therapies"Session Date/Time: Wednesday, September 1, 2021, 4:30pm ETPresenter: Devon Shedlock, Ph.D., SVP Research & Development, Poseida Therapeutics

This presentation will discuss how Poseida's piggyBac DNA Delivery System, Cas-CLOVER Site-specific Gene Editing System and Booster Molecule are used to manufacture multi-product, fully allogeneic T-cell therapies. The Company will also discuss how efficient multiplexed Cas-CLOVER gene editing exhibits low to no off-target editing or translocations as determined by next-generation sequencing, and how the Company's Booster Molecule helps to protect against the "allo tax," maintaining a favorable high-stem cell memory T cell (Tscm) product and enabling up to hundreds of doses in a single manufacturing run. This presentation will be part of the afternoon session on the Manufacturing Track.

Presentation: "Developing 'Off-the-Shelf' CAR-T Cells for Bone Marrow Transplant Conditioning"Session Date/Time: Thursday, September 2, 2021, 9:00am ETPresenter: Nina Timberlake, Ph.D., Associate Director, Research (Gene Therapy), Poseida Therapeutics

This presentation will discuss leveraging the piggyBac DNA Delivery System and Cas-CLOVER Site-specific Gene Editing System to generate off-the-shelf fully allogeneic CAR-T cells to specifically target hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. This potential therapeutic could be used as a non-myeloablative conditioning regimen for hematopoietic stem cell transplant or as a therapeutic for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The presentation will occur as part of the conference's Focus Day, "CAR-TCR Beyond Oncology: Fundamental Biology & Mechanisms of Action Beyond Oncology."

The full presentations at the CAR-TCR Summit will be made available on Poseida's website at their respective session times.

About Poseida Therapeutics, Inc.

Poseida Therapeutics is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company dedicated to utilizing our proprietary genetic engineering platform technologies to create next generation cell and gene therapeutics with the capacity to cure. We have discovered and are developing a broad portfolio of product candidates in a variety of indications based on our core proprietary platforms, including our non-viral piggyBac DNA Delivery System, Cas-CLOVER Site-specific Gene Editing System and nanoparticle- and AAV-based gene delivery technologies. Our core platform technologies have utility, either alone or in combination, across many cell and gene therapeutic modalities and enable us to engineer our wholly-owned portfolio of product candidates that are designed to overcome the primary limitations of current generation cell and gene therapeutics. To learn more, visit http://www.poseida.com to connect with us on Twitter and LinkedIn.

SOURCE: Poseida Therapeutics

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Poseida Therapeutics Presents Preliminary Results from Phase 1 Trial of P-PSMA-101 at the 6th Annual CAR-TCR Summit | DNA RNA and Cells | News...

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A WOMAN blamed stress for her three-month long period until doctors found out the true cause was devastating.

Bansri Dhokia, 30, from Ealing, West London, is now urging others to see their GP as soon as they are unwell.

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She thought at worst, her odd periods, fatigue and breathlessness would be down to anaemia or low thyroid function that could be treated with medication.

But the truth was far worse, and Bansri was diagnosed with a blood cancer.

Bansri was taken into hospital that night where she stayed for 12 weeks having intense treatment to save her life.

Speaking of her symptoms, which started in May 2020, Bansri said: I blamed it on being overworked.

With blood cancer, the symptoms are often quite vague and hard to diagnose.

I really noticed the fatigue first. I could sleep for 12 hours a night and still feel exhausted.

Then I started to get breathless all the time. There were activities like climbing stairs or walking down the road that I used to find easy but was suddenly finding more difficult.

Bansris heavy period, which had been ongoing for three months, was particularly unusual for her.

She made repeated trips to the doctor to find out what was wrong but kept being pushed back.

I just knew something wasn't right and repeatedly asked for blood tests, Banrsri said.

The first four blood tests between May and July came back clear and by the time she had a fifth on 21 July, she was starting to get fed up.

Busy with work, Bansri almost missed the appointment but luckily, her husband Amrit Sagoo encouraged her to go.

She said: I went for the blood test in the afternoon and that evening, I was brushing my teeth when I got a call to say the ambulance was coming to collect me.

They explained I needed to go to hospital right away. I thought it was just for a night and packed an overnight bag.

"I didnt know what was wrong and that I would end up staying in hospital for 12 weeks.

Tests at the Royal London hospital revealed Bansri had acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), a rare cancer affecting just 790 people in the UK each year, mostly children and young people.

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A problem in the bone marrow leads to insufficient important blood cells, causing symptoms of unusual bleeding, tiredness and muscle aches.

Almost seven in 10 will survive ALL for five years or longer after diagnosis, and four in ten in those aged 25 to 64.

Bansri said: I didn't know much about leukaemia. I was really scared for my life. I had no idea what the prognosis was. I just cried and I kept questioning why this was happening to me."

With lockdown restrictions still in place, Bansri had to tell her friends and family about her diagnosis over Zoom.

She said: It was the hardest thing I have ever had to do. I asked my sister to gather my family in the living room. We are very close and I could not look at her because I just couldn't deal with seeing the sadness in her face."

Bansri started chemotherapy straight away, because ALL is very aggressive and develops quickly.

She said: "It was so upsetting seeing pieces of my hair fall out on my pillow. I was growing it as we were planning to have Hindu and Sikh religious wedding ceremonies in 2020, after our civil wedding the year before.

"One day I just asked the nurse to shave my head, and in that moment, I felt really empowered."

But one of the hardest parts of the treatment - which she now needs therapy to recover from - is that she couldnt have visitors for the first eight weeks due to Covid.

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Bansri then needed a stem cell transplant to improve the chances that she would go into remission.

During the procedure, the patient has stem cells of a donor, sometimes a complete stranger, injected into their blood. The cells find their way to the bone marrow, helping it to start making normal cells again.

Most people who are white Europeans find a match from a related or unrelated donor on a large registry, but 400 UK patients don't find a suitable donor each year.

Bansri said: I knew immediately that being from an Indian background, there was a very low chance that I would find a match.

According to charities, donors are more likely to be white, and people from minority ethnic backgrounds are more likely to have rarer tissue types, making it harder to find patients from these backgrounds a matching donor.

That was quite scary because I knew how important it was to have a donor to save my life, Bansri said.

Luckily one of Bansris two siblings was a match, and the transplant took place in February 2021.

Bansri said: My recovery is going well so far but a stem cell transplant comes with many side effects, which are lifelong.

I have a long road to go but I take it day by day. Each month I get through is a success."

Bansri is vulnerable to infections because the transplant made her immune system weaker, and so she and her husband are still having to shield.

Bansri is urging people to join the stem cell donor register, particularly those in Asian communities.

HOW YOU CAN HELP SAVE A LIFE

REGISTERING to be a blood stem cell donor is easy.

Even if you can't donate to your relative, you might be ableto become a donor for someone else. You can do this by contacting one of the UK registers.

There are different donor registersin the UK.These work with each otherand with international registersto match donors with people who need stem cells.

You can sign up with:

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She said: People often have a misconception that, when you join the donor registry, you're giving something up, for example, in a kidney transplant, you do give up your kidney, and it's a longer recovery time.

My sibling was in hospital for a few hours on the day and didn't have any side effects afterwards.

In my community, cancer is a bit of a taboo subject and people dont speak about it so I think there is a lack of awareness of the importance of signing up to be on the register.

Bansri is also taking part in the Leukaemia Cares Spot Leukaemia campaign, which urges the general public to understand and recognise the signs.

She said: I want to see more Asian people talking about it because its not the fault of the person - its just bad luck.

If youre experiencing any of the symptoms, contact your GP and ask for a blood test. Early diagnosis saves lives.

Symptoms of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

The NHS says most of the symptoms of ALL are caused by a lack of healthy blood cells. They include:

In some cases, the affected cells can spread from your bloodstream into your central nervous system. This can cause neurological symptoms (related to the brain and nervous system), including:

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I blamed stress for my three-month period but it turned out to be much more sinister... - The Sun

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