Cardiovascular diseases represent the world's leading cause of death. In this heterogeneous group of diseases, ischemic cardiomyopathies are the most devastating and prevalent, estimated to cause 17.9 million deaths per year. Despite all biomedical efforts, there are no effective treatments that can replace the myocytes lost during an ischemic event or progression of the disease to heart failure. In this context, cell therapy is an emerging therapeutic alternative to treat cardiovascular diseases by cell administration, aimed at cardiac regeneration and repair. In this review, we will cover more than 30 years of cell therapy in cardiology, presenting the main milestones and drawbacks in the field and signaling future challenges and perspectives. The outcomes of cardiac cell therapies are discussed in three distinct aspects: The search for remuscularization by replacement of lost cells by exogenous adult cells, the endogenous stem cell era, which pursued the isolation of a progenitor with the ability to induce heart repair, and the utilization of pluripotent stem cells as a rich and reliable source of cardiomyocytes. Acellular therapies using cell derivatives, such as microvesicles and exosomes, are presented as a promising cell-free therapeutic alternative.

Keywords: Cardiac stem cell; Cardiovascular diseases; Cell therapy; Pluripotent stem cells; Progenitor cardiac cells; Stem cell.

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Stem cell therapies in cardiac diseases: Current status and future ...

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Reparative stem cells have the capability to restore function to damaged tissue by renewing cell growth (shown in green) in cardiac cells destroyed by heart disease.

Approximately 28 million Americans have been diagnosed with heart disease. Traditional medical therapies are not able to fully address the burden of disease, and the shortage of organs for transplantation remains a key barrier more than 117,000 people are on the national transplant list.

This unmet need drives Mayo Clinic researchers to make new discoveries to accelerate regenerative solutions into clinical trials and rapidly provide new hope to patients who can't currently be treated.

Cardiac regeneration is a broad effort that aims to repair irreversibly damaged heart tissue with cutting-edge science, including stem cell and cell-free therapy. Reparative tools have been engineered to restore damaged heart tissue and function using the body's natural ability to regenerate. Working together, patients and providers are finding regenerative solutions that restore, renew and recycle patients' own reparative capacity. Through the vision and generous support of Russ and Kathy Van Cleve, strong efforts are underway to develop discoveries that will have a global impact on ischemic heart disease.

Mayo Clinic researchers are leading efforts in translating new knowledge into applicable therapeutics through a multidisciplinary community of practice. As technology evolves, it offers the potential to regenerate cardiac tissue from noncardiac sources and ultimately provide personalized products and services to people with cardiovascular disease.

The overarching vision for the cardiac regeneration program at Mayo Clinic is to develop new therapies to cure ischemic heart disease. Mayo researchers are developing products for clinical testing that span the disease spectrum, including the following areas:

More information about cardiac regenerative medicine research at Mayo Clinic is on the Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program website.

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The limited regenerative capacity of the heart is a major factor in heart failure and death. Once cardiac cells are diseased, its hard for them to heal like your body would with a cut. Studying how the heart forms in fetuses and then matures is a natural step for researchers interested in generating and regenerating heart cells. Theyre also investigating the effect of stem cell-derived cardiac cells on repairing damaged hearts and their potential to treat heart muscle diseases.

Cardiovascular progenitor cells (CPCs), a type of heart cell, are called building blocks because theyre used to form the heart during fetal development. They hold tremendous therapeutic potential because of their unique ability to develop into several different heart cell types. Researchers are studying how CPC cells can renew themselves in mice. Theyre studying whether this renewal also occurs in humans and whether this is useful for repairing damaged hearts.

Because CPCs regenerate, scientists may be able to grow them in a dish. Its not as easy to grow cells in a lab as it is in the body they often have developmental arrest and dont mature. However, a recent discovery of the pathways that lead a fetal cell into an adult cell will enable researchers to recreate adult heart tissue in the lab, which holds tremendous potential for new heart disease treatment.

Videos Heart tissue grown in a dish

Heart tissue grown in a dish from mouse cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs). The CPCs, and the tissue they built, were engineered to produce a red protein.

View labs and centersAdult Cardiac Catheterization LabCiccarone CenterChulan Kwon LabHeart and Vascular InstituteCardiovascular Stem Cell Program

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Anika Continues to Expand Addressable Market for Tactoset Injectable Bone Substitute with Additional 510(k) Clearance from FDA  Marketscreener.com

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MorphoSys Completes Enrollment of Phase 3 MANIFEST-2 Study of Pelabresib in Myelofibrosis with Topline Results Expected by End of 2023  Marketscreener.com

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INTERNATIONAL STEM CELL CORP MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (form 10-K)  Marketscreener.com

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VOR BIOPHARMA INC. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (form 10-K)  Marketscreener.com

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MAGENTA THERAPEUTICS, INC. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (form 10-K)  Marketscreener.com

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BioRestorative Therapies to Seek FDA Approval to Expand the Clinical Application of BRTX-100  Marketscreener.com

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BioSenic delivers a new post-hoc analysis of its Phase III JTA-004 trial on knee osteo-arthritis with positive action on the most severely affected patient population  Marketscreener.com

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Regenerative Therapies Market is Set to Grow at a CAGR of 8.7% by 2033, Propelled by Advancements in  EIN News

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JASPER THERAPEUTICS, INC. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (form 10-K)  Marketscreener.com

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For a range of unmet medical needs, India offers a fantastic opportunity to push cell and gene therapies: B ..  ETHealthWorld

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The body is always in a state of change. In particular, the cells in your skin are constantly replacing themselves.

The skin does this through the process of regeneration and repair.

On a cellular level, the skin cells are constantly shedding, revealing fresh, newly grown skin cells underneath. This is why scars and blemishes may fade a bit with time.

Understanding the science behind your skins life cycle can help you to take care of your skin as it goes through the regeneration process. It can also help you boost your skins natural regeneration process and give you a fresh glow.

Heres what the skin care experts have to say about how to speed up skin regeneration.

According to 2015 research, skin regeneration refers to the complete replacement of damaged tissue with new tissue. Skin repair refers to the continued healing process of existing tissue. Skin regeneration isnt usually associated with scar tissue.

The research goes on to say that skin regeneration can happen in two ways:

Skin regeneration is a natural physical process that occurs on a cellular level.

The epidermis cells, or top layers of skin, continuously replace themselves, explains Laura Chacon-Garbato, a licensed esthetician and director of education at Herbalife. This process of renewal is the process of shedding the epidermis.

In other words, skin regeneration is a constant renewal of cells.

According to a 2010 review, the epidermis is maintained by stem cells in the lowest layer of the skin. These epidermal stem cells generate daughter cells that move upward toward the surface of the skin.

During this journey, cells that produce keratin undergo a series of biochemical and morphological changes that result in the formation of the various layers of the skin.

This gives skin a young, healthy glow, adds Jennifer Hurtikant, chief science officer at Prime Matter Labs.

The same study mentioned above estimated that the epidermis turns over every 40 to 56 days on average.

When were young, the process of exfoliation happens naturally, but as we age this process is altered and slows down, Chacon-Garbato says.

An older 2006 study notes that the usual 28-day turnover time for skin increases approximately 30 percent to 50 percent by age 80.

For people over 50 years old, Chacon-Garbato says, the process can take as long as 84 days.

The effects of the slowdown cause buildup and an excess of dead skin cells that can make the skin look tired, dull, and opaque, she says.

Throughout this process, several things occur on a cellular level.

First, new skin cells are formed deep in the epidermis.

Then, as the skin cells mature and die on the upper layer of the epidermis, they naturally fall away.

If you have a cut or burn, you may be left with a scar.

This is because fibroblasts in scar tissue form collagen differently than in regular tissue. As a result, its thicker and less flexible than regular skin tissue.

However, by improving skin regeneration, you may notice that scars gradually fade away as fresh, healthy skin tissue forms beneath them.

As you get older, skin regeneration slows down. This leaves an accumulation of dead skin cells on the upper layer of the skin.

By boosting the natural regeneration process, you can help the skin look fresh and feel elastic, even as you age.

Making healthy choices can help to keep the skin regeneration process functioning optimally.

Hurtikant suggests:

There are two types of aging, cellular or intrinsic aging and environmental or extrinsic aging.

Intrinsic aging is a genetically predetermined process that occurs naturally, but may increase with stress. Extrinsic aging is a result of outside factors, like where you live and your lifestyle habits.

Stress causes intrinsic aging and the environment causes extrinsic aging, Hurtikant says.

Chacon-Garbato recommends eating plenty of protein, such as:

Proteins are essential for tissue repair and the construction of new tissue, she says. Cells need protein to maintain their life, so the body uses protein to replace worn-out or dead skin cells.

In addition, favor foods that are high in antioxidants, like:

Including antioxidants in your diet may help improve the glow and luster of the skin.

Specific skin care products can also help improve the natural cell turnover process, hydrate the skin, and get rid of built-up dead skin cells. Look for ingredients like:

Use products with vitamin B3, Chacon-Garbato suggests. Its a necessary component of cell metabolism, also known as niacinamide, and is required for many skin processes that help maintain healthy-looking skin.

She also suggests using antioxidants such as vitamin C and E to prevent cellular damage from free radicals.

Try Swisse Beauty Skin Regeneration+, an oral supplement with ALA, and Musely FaceRx Anti-Aging Night Cream with tretinoin, hyaluronic acid, and niacinamide.

These natural remedies may help boost your skins health and promote the skin regeneration process:

A 2022 study found that several plant extracts, including papaya, showed antioxidant, and antiwrinkle effects. Extracts that used ethanol as a cosolvent showed greater effects.

A 2018 review found that jojoba, rosehip, and coconut oil may help with skin barrier repair, wound healing, antioxidant effects, and antiaging.

A 2010 study noted that orange peel extract could provide useful protection against or alleviation of UV damage.

You can look for natural skin care products that contain these ingredients.

Citrus can increase photosensitivity, or sensitivity to light. Use caution when applying citrus in any form to the skin by avoiding direct sun exposure and using sun protection. Never apply citrus oils directly to the skin.

If you want to exfoliate a little deeper, a dermatologist may be able to offer a more intensive skin resurfacing procedure to kick-start skin rejuvenation. Make sure you find a dermatologist who is board certified.

Chacon-Garbato suggests:

However, she notes, theres no one-size-fits-all for the skin, so its important to check with your dermatologist to help define the best approach for the results you want to achieve.

Want to know more? Get the FAQs below.

Aloe vera encourages cell diversity and helps keep the skin well hydrated and protected.

According to a 2020 study, it also boasts natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Aloe vera is an excellent ingredient to use daily because its well known for its revitalizing and calming properties, Chacon-Garbato says. Its also a hugely effective hydrator and helps to minimize skin dryness.

She notes that its been used for centuries for beauty because of its many benefits, including delivering moisture directly to the tissue and helping prevent water loss due to evaporation.

Hurtikant adds that while aloe vera is great for boosting regeneration, there are other ingredients to try too.

Trending ingredients for skin regeneration are derivatives of algae and mushrooms, and hyaluronic acid, she says.

There are plenty of skin care products that have been shown to improve the appearance of aging in the skin by speeding up the natural skin regeneration process.

One highly rated product is Musely FaceRx Anti-Aging Night Cream, which includes active ingredients such as tretinoin (Retin-A), niacinamide, and hyaluronic acid.

These three ingredients are all excellent for encouraging exfoliation. Keep an eye out for them on the ingredients list when youre looking for good creams to promote regeneration.

For most adults under 50 years old, the cycle lasts between 28 and 42 days. For adults over 50 years old, this may increase to up to 84 days, though the number varies.

The time it takes for your skin to complete the skin regeneration cycle depends on a range of factors, including:

There are a range of ways to improve skin regeneration.

Simple lifestyle changes like exercise and increased hydration can keep the process working properly.

Skin creams that include exfoliating ingredients can also help to get rid of excess dead skin.

Some procedures can also encourage faster growth of new skin cells to speed up the regeneration process.

Aging slows down the skin regeneration process, but it doesnt ever stop it completely.

However, because the process becomes much slower as we age, the skin can appear thicker, less flexible, and more wrinkled or textured.

This is because the slower the regeneration, the more dead skin cells remain on the face.

Skin regeneration is a natural cycle that occurs as the skin cells turn over. In other words, dead skin cells on the top layer of the epidermis fall away, revealing fresh, newly created cells beneath.

By supporting this cycle with a healthy lifestyle and skin care routine, you can encourage a lustrous glow even as you get older.

Just remember: while boosting skin regeneration is possible, its natural for the cycle to slow down as you age. A few wrinkles and some texture are nothing to be ashamed of.

You can even think of them as signs of wisdom and experience.

Meg is a freelance journalist and features writer who covers culture, entertainment, lifestyle and health. Her writing has appeared in Cosmopolitan, Shondaland, Healthline, HelloGiggles, Readers Digest, Apartment Therapy, and more. T: @wordsbyMeg W: megwalters.co.uk

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NGM BIOPHARMACEUTICALS INC Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. (form 10-K)  Marketscreener.com

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Treat Yourself to a Spa Day With a $100 Deal on $600 Worth of Products From Elemis, U Beauty, Nest & More  E! NEWS

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Eterna Therapeutics Enters Into Option and License Agreement with Lineage Cell Therapeutics to Develop Hypoimmune Pluripotent Cell Lines for Multiple Neurology Indications  Marketscreener.com

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CAREDX, INC. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (form 10-K)  Marketscreener.com

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7-year-old vows to find a cure for brother in need of bone marrow transplant  WJLA

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Kadimastem Submits IND Application to the FDA for its Phase IIa Clinical Trial with AstroRx for the Treatment of ALS  Marketscreener.com

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