Tobi is a six-year-old cocker spaniel whose hind legs were paralyzed after he suffered a herniated disc in his spine. Although Tobi will never fully regain the use of his legs, he has benefitted from a clinical trial involving stem cell transplantation in dogs that is currently underway at North Carolina State University.

See video presentation: Stem cell treatments for paralyzed dogs.

Dr. Natasha Olby, professor of neurology at the NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, specializes in researching treatments for long-term paralysis in dogs. According to Dr. Olby, even in the case of severe spinal cord injury all may not be lost in terms of spinal cord function there may still be salvageable, living nerves and nerve fibers, or axons, bridging the site of the injury that could still transmit signals if they had a little help.

Obviously, researchers would love to be able to replace all the lost neurons and axons and restore normal connections in a damaged spinal cord. But that sort of treatment is not yet possible. On the other hand, targeting surviving nerves and axons that are still crossing the site of the injury and restoring their conductivity is more attainable.

Often, these damaged nerves have lost the myelin sheath, fatty material that coats axons and allows them to conduct signals. Dr. Olby wants to restore the myelin sheath to these surviving axons by taking fat cells from the patient and turning them into stem cells that can be combined with nerve cells and injected into the site of the damage, regrowing the sheath. Even though she is still in the early stages of a randomized clinical trial, the results thus far are encouraging.

Dogs like Tobi will not be the only beneficiaries of Dr. Olbys research. If the therapy produces positive results in dogs, then translating the treatment to humans is a natural next step. And in humans, even very small improvements have the capacity to radically transform quality of life.

Even if this procedure produced an effect in a person as small as giving him or her partial control of one finger, that could allow the patient to use a computer, which opens up a whole new world of possibilities in terms of communication and interaction with the outside world, Dr. Olby says.

-- Tracey Peake

Dr. Olbys research is funded by the Morris Animal Foundation and is one of the clinical trials underway in the Neurology Service within the Randall B. Terry, Jr. Companion Animal Veterinary Medical Center. For more information on the clinical trial, visit the "call for patients" web page.

Posted Feb. 14, 2012

View original post here:
CVM Stem Cell Study Benefits Dogs with Spinal Cord Injuries

Are there stem cell therapies available for spinal cord injury?

To our knowledge, no stem cell therapy has received Health Canada or U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for treatment of spinal cord injury at this time. Patients who are researching their options may come across companies with Web sites or materials that say otherwise and offer fee-based stem cell treatments for curing this disease. Many of these claims are not supported by sound scientific evidence and patients considering these therapies are encouraged to review some of the links below before making crucial decisions about their treatment plan.

For the latest developments read our blog entrieshere.

For moreabout stem cell clinical trials for spinal cord injuryclick here. For printed version:http://goo.gl/ZpNLg)

The basis of using stem cells to treat spinal cord injury would be as a source of new cells and products that could prevent further spinal cord damage, restore nerve function, generate new nerve cells and guide the regrowth of severed nerve fibres. Stem cells have an unparalleled regenerative capacity with the flexibility to grow into hundreds of different cell types and make factors that can support a range of physiological functions. Researchers are evaluating which types of stem cells are the best for growing neurons and other support cells in the brain, and making factors that promote nerve function. They want to develop strategies that transplant the support cells that wrap myelin insulation around nerve fibres to conduct electrical signals. A steady supply of these cells grown from stem cells could be a tremendous asset for studies that are exploring how to restore nerve function across damaged spinal cords.

Two main strategies for using stem cells to treat spinal cord injury are being explored: exogenous and endogenous repair (exo meaning outside the body and endo meaning inside the body). In exogenous repair the required cells are first grown from stem cells in the laboratory and then transplanted into patients. In endogenous repair stem cells are transplanted into the patient and the outcome depends on the bodys ability to coax the stem cells to grow into the required cells. Either way, the goal is to use stem cells to improve nerve function. There are no existing therapies that are able to repair spinal cord injuries.

Many research teams around the globe are working to develop stem cell therapies for spinal cord injury. Their common goals are to identify which stem cells are best suited for the job, which signals will be able to coax them into becoming neurons or support cells, and which large scale lab methods are effective at ramping up the production of the required cells.

The discovery of neural stem cells in Canada in 1992 kindled great hope among that stem cells could someday be used to regenerate the damage caused by spinal cord injury. Until around 1998, it was believed that the brain could not repair itself by regenerating new neurons. We now know that patients who have partial lesions to the spinal cord do experience a degree of spontaneous recovery arising from the ability of the brain to reorganize new connections. These observations spurred researchers to test their theories in animal models of spinal cord injury, and the positive results have provided the proof of principle that stem cells can potentially improve function after spinal cord injury.

Stem cell research is continuing on a number of different avenues and some of the successful stops along the way have yielded early Phase 1and 2 clinical trials for spinal cord injury. These trials are very small, mostly testing the safety of putting adult stem cells into patients. The results should yield information about the viability of this kind of therapy, but further clinical trials will be required to answer the question of whether a stem cell therapy can improve nerve function. For patients, the answer to that question is still many years away.

A North American clinical trial is using adult neural stem cell injections to treat spinal cord injury. Find out morehere.

See the article here:
Spinal Cord Injury | Canadian Stem Cell Foundation

NEWARK, Calif., Jun 04, 2015 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE via COMTEX) --

StemCells, Inc. STEM, +0.00% a world leader in the research and development of cell-based therapeutics for the treatment of central nervous system diseases and disorders, announced today that it has enrolled its first subject in Cohort 2 of its Phase II Pathway Study. The study is designed to assess the efficacy of the Company's proprietary HuCNS-SC platform technology (purified human neural stem cells) for the treatment of cervical spinal cord injury. Cohort 2 will enroll 40 patients and forms the single-blinded controlled arm of the Phase II study. The primary efficacy outcome being tested in Cohort 2 is the change in motor strength of the various muscle groups in the upper extremities innervated by the cervical spinal cord.

The Pathway Study is the first clinical trial designed to evaluate both the safety and efficacy of human neural stem cells transplanted into the spinal cord of patients with cervical spinal cord injury. Traumatic injuries to the neck can damage the cervical spinal cord and result in impaired sensation and motor function of the arms, legs, and trunk, also referred to as quadriplegia. The trial has 3 cohorts. The primary Cohort is Cohort 2 which is being conducted as a randomized, controlled, single-blind Cohort and efficacy will be primarily measured by assessing motor function according to the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI). The trial will follow the participants for one year and will enroll up to 52 subjects.

Cohort 1 of the Pathway Study is an open-label, HuCNS-SC dose-escalation arm involving six patients. Safety data from all six subjects was reviewed by an independent Data Monitoring Committee and approval was provided to commence with Cohort 2. No safety or tolerability issues were seen at any of the dosing levels. The six-month outcome from Cohort 1 will be disclosed as interim data later this year.

Cohort 3 is an optional open label Cohort targeted to enroll 6 patients. This Cohort is designed to assess safety and preliminary efficacy in patients with less severe injuries (AIS C).

"The initiation of Cohort 2 begins the next phase of our clinical efforts towards a potential breakthrough therapy for spinal cord injury," said Stephen Huhn, M.D., FACS, FAAP, Vice President, Clinical Research and Chief Medical Officer at StemCells, Inc. "This is the first blinded, controlled clinical trial to be conducted using human neural stem cells. The goal of this proof-of-concept study is to demonstrate the potential efficacy of our cells as a treatment for victims of spinal cord injury. We currently have seven sites enrolling patients and expect to reach a total of fourteen active North American sites by year end. Conducting a multi-center study on this scale should allow us to efficiently enroll the study."

The Company completed enrollment and dosing in its open-label Phase I/II study in thoracic spinal cord injury in April 2014 and has reported top-line results. Sustained post-transplant gains in sensory function were demonstrated in seven of the twelve patients. Two patients in the Phase I/II study converted from a complete injury (AIS A) to an incomplete injury (AIS B). The final results also continue to confirm the favorable safety profile of the cells and the surgical procedure.

About the Pathway Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Clinical Trial

The Company's Phase II Pathway Study, titled "Study of Human Central Nervous System (CNS) Stem Cell Transplantation in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury," will evaluate the safety and efficacy of transplanting the Company's proprietary human neural stem cells (HuCNS-SC cells), into patients with traumatic injury in the cervical region of the spinal cord. Conducted as a randomized, controlled, single-blind study, the trial will measure efficacy by assessing motor function according to the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI). The primary efficacy outcome will focus on change in upper extremity strength. The trial will enroll approximately 52 subjects and follow the patients for 12 months post-transplant. The first cohort of six patients completed enrollment in April and was designed to establish the cell dose for onward testing in the second cohort of the study.

Information about the Company's spinal cord injury program can be found on the StemCells, Inc. website at:

Original post:
StemCells, Inc. Announces Commencement of the Second ...

DURHAM N.C. May. 27 2015 /PRNewswire-iReach/ A new study appearing today inSTEM CELLS Translational Medicinedesigned to test how stem cell injections affect primates with spinal cord injury (SCI) showed the treatments significantly improved the animals motor function recovery and promoted faster healing too. The researchers call their findings a step forward toward the goal of improving outcomes for humans with chronic SCI.

Previous research conducted by various groups had indicated stem cell treatments helped rats with SCI. But because there are distinct differences in the nervous system and immunological responses between rodents and primates it is critical to determine how effective and safe the injections might be in a non-human primate SCI model as part of the translational research required for clinical trials explained Hideyuki Okano M.D. Ph.D. of Keio University School of Medicines physiology department and a co-author of the new study.

In this study the researchers grafted neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs)derived from marmoset (a type of monkey) embryonic stem cells into adult marmosets suffering from a moderately bruised spinal cord. The advantage of using common marmosets is the similarity between their nervous system and immunological responses and those of humans Dr. Okano said.

The injections were given 14 days after the SCI occurred which research shows is an optimal time window for SCI therapy as inflammation has generally subsided by then and scar tissue has not yet had time to form.(Doctors believe that an incomplete spinal cord injury such as those of the study animals offers better chance for recovery than a complete SCI injury.) The results were promising.

Eventually motor function recovery significantly improved in the transplantation group compared to a control group that did not receive stem cells reported co-author Masaya Nakamura M.D. Ph.D. of Keios Department of Orthopedic Surgery. An animal in the control group for example could not raise her hands up to head height at 12 weeks after injury when motor function almost plateaus. On the other hand at the same point in time a transplanted animalwas able to jump successfully and run so fast it was difficult for us to catch her. She could also grip a pen at 3 cm. above head-height.

In addition he added there were no signs of immune rejection or tumors which have been a side effect of some stem cell therapies.

The researchers say this study is a step forward in their goal is to improve patients with complete SCI at the chronic phase. But we believe it will require a combination of stem cell transplantation rehabilitation and pharmacological therapy with the stem cells a key part of the treatment Dr. Okano added.

This translational research using a nonhuman primate model is a critical step in eventually applying these cells to injured spinal cord in human patients said Anthony Atala M.D. Editor-in-Chief ofSTEM CELLS Translational Medicineand director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine.

Continued here:
Stem Cell Treatment Speeds Up Recovery after Spinal Cord ...

John W. McDonald, M.D., Ph.D. an associate professor of neurology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and director of the International Center for Spinal Cord Injury at Kennedy Krieger Institute taps into the bodys own repair mechanisms in search of treatments for spine injury.

Stem cells allow us to address questions Ive thought about forever. These are really exciting times for the repair of the nervous system, because we can move beyond mere correlation and get definitive answers.

Despite what I was taught in medical school, nervous system cells do divide and grow. Not all of them. But oligodendrocytes are the most prominent ones that do. If we were to follow newly born cells in an adult human brain for an hour, the majority of those cells would go on to become oligodendrocytes.

Injury and the consequence of injury disrupts the turning over of cells, basically because of reduced electrical activity, which oligodendrocytes depend on for survival and myelination.

Im convinced that endogenous stem cells in the spinal cordthose naturally born there by the million, every hour, even in spinal cord injured adultsrepresent an important therapeutic target.

Through the transplantation work were doing in mice, were learning a lot about the natural environment of cells in the nervous system. For example, mouse embryonic stem cells have the innate mechanism to overcome physical and chemical barriers. Their presence changes the microenvironment enough so that endogenous cells are able to cross barriers such as scars. We are working on figuring how to activate the same cues that cause those microenvironment changes without actually transplanting stem cells.

The whole nervous systemall the signaling between cellsruns by electrical activity. Were just now getting access to the imaging tools to be able to see and begin to understand it. If that ensemble of activity is disrupted by injury, what percent of connections remain, and how can we use what remains to recreate the orchestra?

New imaging methods now are confirming earlier animal studies that as much as 30 percent of connections can still remain below the level of spinal cord injury, even in the severe injury scenarios. This realizationthat we dont need to cure the nervous system, we just need partial repairis born out in people whove had bad spinal cord injuries who now can regain substantial function and even walk..

Our strategy is to maximize the physical integrity of your body so it can meet a cure halfway when a cure comes. We discovered that we can make a great impact on an individuals own spontaneous recovery by facilitating the bodys own micro-repair system.

What we do in lab is geared toward understanding these mechanisms of microrepair. We already know that myelination and birth of oligodendrocytes are incredibly dependent on electrical activity.

More here:
Stem Cell Research at Johns Hopkins Medicine: Spinal ...

SAN DIEGO -

Two years ago, Brenda Guerra's life changed forever.

"They told me that I went into a ditch and was ejected out of the vehicle," Guerra said.

The accident left the 26-year-old paralyzed from the waist down and confined to a wheelchair.

"I don't feel any of my lower body at all," she said.

Guerra has traveled from Kansas to UC San Diego to be the first patient to participate in a groundbreaking safety trial, testing stem cells for paralysis.

"We are directly injecting the stem cells into the spine," said Dr. Joseph D. Ciacci, professor of neurosurgery at UC San Diego.

The stem cells come from fetal spinal cords. The idea is when they're transplanted they will develop into new neurons and bridge the gap created by the injury by replacing severed or lost nerve connections. They did that in animals, and doctors are hoping for similar results in humans. The ultimate goal is to help people like Guerra walk again.

"The ability to walk is obviously a big deal not only in quality of life issues, but it also affects your survival long-term," Ciacci said.

Guerra received her injection and will be followed for five long years. She knows it's only a safety trial, but she's hoping for the best.

Here is the original post:
Health Beat: Stem cells for paralysis: 1st of its kind study

A spinal cord injury (SCI) is an injury to the spinal cord resulting in a change, either temporary or permanent, in the cord's normal motor, sensory, or autonomic function.[1] Common causes of damage are trauma (car accident, gunshot, falls, sports injuries, etc.) or disease (transverse myelitis, polio, spina bifida, Friedreich's ataxia, etc.). The spinal cord does not have to be severed in order for a loss of function to occur. Depending on where the spinal cord and nerve roots are damaged, the symptoms can vary widely, from pain to paralysis to incontinence.[2][3] Spinal cord injuries are described at various levels of "incomplete", which can vary from having no effect on the patient to a "complete" injury which means a total loss of function.

Treatment of spinal cord injuries starts with restraining the spine and controlling inflammation to prevent further damage. The actual treatment can vary widely depending on the location and extent of the injury. In many cases, spinal cord injuries require substantial physical therapy and rehabilitation, especially if the patient's injury interferes with activities of daily life.

Research into treatments for spinal cord injuries includes controlled hypothermia and stem cells, though many treatments have not been studied thoroughly and very little new research has been implemented in standard care.

The American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) first published an international classification of spinal cord injury in 1982, called the International Standards for Neurological and Functional Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. Now in its sixth edition, the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) is still widely used to document sensory and motor impairments following SCI.[4] It is based on neurological responses, touch and pinprick sensations tested in each dermatome, and strength of the muscles that control ten key motions on both sides of the body, including hip flexion (L2), shoulder shrug (C4), elbow flexion (C5), wrist extension (C6), and elbow extension (C7).[5] Traumatic spinal cord injury is classified into five categories on the ASIA Impairment Scale:

Dimitrijevic[6] proposed a further class, the so-called discomplete lesion, which is clinically complete but is accompanied by neurophysiological evidence of residual brain influence on spinal cord function below the lesion.[7]

Signs recorded by a clinician and symptoms experienced by a patient will vary depending on where the spine is injured and the extent of the injury. These are all determined by the area of the body that the injured area of the spine innervates. A section of skin innervated through a specific part of the spine is called a dermatome, and spinal injury can cause pain, numbness, or a loss of sensation in the relevant areas. A group of muscles innervated through a specific part of the spine is called a myotome, and injury to the spine can cause problems with voluntary motor control. The muscles may contract uncontrollably, become weak, or be completely paralysed. The loss of muscle function can have additional effects if the muscle is not used, including atrophy of the muscle and bone degeneration.

A severe injury may also cause problems in parts of the spine below the injured area. In a "complete" spinal injury, all functions below the injured area are lost. An "incomplete" spinal cord injury involves preservation of motor or sensory function below the level of injury in the spinal cord.[8] If the patient has the ability to contract the anal sphincter voluntarily or to feel a pinprick or touch around the anus, the injury is considered to be incomplete. The nerves in this area are connected to the very lowest region of the spine, the sacral region, and retaining sensation and function in these parts of the body indicates that the spinal cord is only partially damaged. This includes a phenomenon known as sacral sparing which involves the preservation of cutaneous sensation in the sacral dermatomes, even though sensation is impaired in the thoracic and lumbar dermatomes below the level of the lesion.[9] Sacral sparing may also include the preservation of motor function (voluntary external anal sphincter contraction) in the lowest sacral segments.[8] Sacral sparing has been attributed to the fact that the sacral spinal pathways are not as likely as the other spinal pathways to become compressed after injury.[9] The sparing of the sacral spinal pathways can be attributed to the lamination of fibers within the spinal cord.[9]

A complete injury frequently means that the patient has little hope of functional recovery.[citation needed] The relative incidence of incomplete injuries compared to complete spinal cord injury has improved over the past half century, due mainly to the emphasis on better initial care and stabilization of spinal cord injury patients.[10] Most patients with incomplete injuries recover at least some function.[citation needed]

Determining the exact "level" of injury is critical in making accurate predictions about the specific parts of the body that may be affected by paralysis and loss of function. The level is assigned according to the location of the injury by the vertebra of the spinal column closest to the injury on the spinal cord.

Cervical (neck) injuries usually result in full or partial tetraplegia (Quadriplegia). However, depending on the specific location and severity of trauma, limited function may be retained.

Continued here:
Spinal cord injury - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

SAN DIEGO. (Ivanhoe Newswire) -- According to the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation, nearly one in 50 people is living with paralysis. Until now, there wasn't much hope. But a new study involving stem cells has doctors and patients excited.

Two years ago, Brenda Guerra's life changed forever.

Guerra told Ivanhoe, They told me that I went into a ditch and was ejected out of the vehicle.

The accident left the 26-year-old paralyzed from the waist down, and confined to a wheelchair.

I don't feel any of my lower body at all she said.

Guerra has traveled from Kansas to UC San Diego to be the first patient to participate in a ground-breaking safety trial, testing stem cells for paralysis.

Joseph D. Ciacci, MD, Professor of Neurosurgery at UC San Diego told Ivanhoe, We are directly injecting the stem cells into the spine.

The stem cells come from fetal spinal cords. The idea is when they're transplanted they will develop into new neurons and bridge the gap created by the injury by replacing severed or lost nerve connections. They did that in animals and doctors are hoping for similar results in humans. The ultimate goal is to help people like Brenda walk again.

The ability to walk is obviously a big deal not only in quality of life issues, but it also affects your survival long-term Dr. Ciacci said.

Guerra received her injection and will be followed for five long years. She knows it's only a safety trial but she's hoping for the best

More:
Stem Cells for Paralysis: First of Its Kind Study

According to the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation, nearly one in 50 people are living with paralysis.

Until now, there wasn't much hope.

But, a new study involving stem cells has doctors and patients excited.

Two years ago, Brenda Guerra's life changed forever.

"They told me that I went into a ditch and was ejected out of the vehicle," says Brenda.

The accident left the 26-year-old paralyzed from the waist down and confined to a wheelchair.

"I don't feel any of my lower body at all," says Brenda.

Brenda has traveled from Kansas to UC San Diego to be the first patient to participate in a ground-breaking safety trial, testing stem cells for paralysis.

"We are directly injecting the stem cells into the spine," says Dr. Joseph Ciacci, a neurosurgeon at UC San Diego.

The stem cells come from fetal spinal cords. The idea is when they're transplanted they will develop into new neurons and bridge the gap created by the injury by replacing severed or lost nerve connections. They did that in animals and doctors are hoping for similar results in humans. The ultimate goal: to help people like Brenda walk again.

Read more:
Stem cell procedures for paralysis patients

Damage to neural tissue is typically permanent and causes lasting disability in patients, but a new approach has recently been discovered that holds incredible potential to reconstruct neural tissue at high resolution in three dimensions. Research recently published in the Journal of Neural Engineering demonstrated a method for embedding scaffolding of patterned nanofibers within three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel structures, and it was shown that neurite outgrowth from neurons in the hydrogel followed the nanofiber scaffolding by tracking directly along the nanofibers, particularly when the nanofibers were coated with a type of cell adhesion molecule called laminin. It was also shown that the coated nanofibers significantly enhanced the length of growing neurites, and that the type of hydrogel could significantly affect the extent to which the neurites tracked the nanofibers.

"Neural stem cells hold incredible potential for restoring damaged cells in the nervous system, and 3D reconstruction of neural tissue is essential for replicating the complex anatomical structure and function of the brain and spinal cord," said Dr. McMurtrey, author of the study and director of the research institute that led this work. "So it was thought that the combination of induced neuronal cells with micropatterned biomaterials might enable unique advantages in 3D cultures, and this research showed that not only can neuronal cells be cultured in 3D conformations, but the direction and pattern of neurite outgrowth can be guided and controlled using relatively simple combinations of structural cues and biochemical signaling factors."

The next step will be replicating more complex structures using a patient's own induced stem cells to reconstruct damaged or diseased sites in the nervous system. These 3D reconstructions can then be used to implant into the damaged areas of neural tissue to help reconstruct specific neuroanatomical structures and integrate with the proper neural circuitry in order to restore function. Successful restoration of function would require training of the new neural circuitry over time, but by selecting the proper neurons and forming them into native architecture, implanted neural stem cells would have a much higher chance of providing successful outcomes. The scaffolding and hydrogel materials are biocompatible and biodegradable, and the hydrogels can also help to maintain the microstructure of implanted cells and prevent them from washing away in the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

McMurtrey also noted that by making these site-specific reconstructions of neural tissue, not only can neural architecture be rebuilt, but researchers can also make models for studying disease mechanisms and developmental processes just by using skin cells that are induced into pluripotent stem cells and into neurons from patients with a variety of diseases and conditions. "The 3D constructs enable a realistic replication of the innate cellular environment and also enable study of diseased human neurons without needing to biopsy neurons from affected patients and without needing to make animal models that can fail to replicate the full array of features seen in humans," said McMurtrey.

The ability to engineer neural tissue from stem cells and biomaterials holds great potential for regenerative medicine. The combination of stem cells, functionalized hydrogel architecture, and patterned and functionalized nanofiber scaffolding enables the formation of unique 3D tissue constructs, and these engineered constructs offer important applications in brain and spinal cord tissue that has been damaged by trauma, stroke, or degeneration. In particular, this work may one day help in the restoration of functional neuroanatomical pathways and structures at sites of spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, tumor resection, stroke, or neurodegenerative diseases of Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

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The work was carried out at the University of Oxford and the Institute of Neural Regeneration & Tissue Engineering, a non-profit charitable research organization.

Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.

See the article here:
3-D neural structure guided with biocompatible nanofiber scaffolds and hydrogels

GERMANTOWN, Md., March 16, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- Neuralstem, Inc. (NYSE MKT: CUR) (the "Company" or "Neuralstem") today reported its financial results for the fourth quarter and year ended December 31, 2014.

"Neuralstem has progressed into a clinical development stage company focused on the central nervous system (CNS)," said Richard Garr, Neuralstem President and CEO. "During 2014 we added two established industry leaders as Independent Directors, Catherine Angell Sohn, Pharm.D. and Sandford Drexel Smith. Dr. Sohn is the former Senior Vice President of Business Development and Strategic Alliance, GSK Consumer Healthcare, at GlaxoSmithKline. Mr. Smith is the former Executive Vice President of Genzyme Corporation. The Company moved forward two lead clinical assets: our small molecule neurogenic drug candidate NSI-189 and our spinal derived neural stem cell therapeutic candidate NSI-566. We established and/or grew clinical research programs with leading investigators at Emory University, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), University of Michigan and Massachusetts General Hospital. Our investigators published and presented proof of principle data in both lead assets as highlighted below. In 2015, we plan to begin clinical development of our NSI-189 small molecule drug in a second indication for the treatment of cognitive deficit from schizophrenia, and we plan to initiate a Phase II clinical trial for the ongoing development program for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). The cell therapy programs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), chronic spinal cord injury (cSCI) and stroke will also move forward. We expect this to be another important year continuing our development and progress across both platforms."

2014 Clinical Program and Business Highlights

Neurogenic Small Molecule Platform Clinical Development

Cell Therapy Platform Clinical Development

NSI-566 spinal cord-derived stem cell therapy under development for the treatment of ALS

NSI-566 spinal cord-derived cell therapy under development for the treatment of cSCI

NSI-566 spinal cord derived stem cell therapy under development for the treatment of motor deficits in stroke

NSI-532.IGF second generation gene engineered cell therapy

2014 Business Highlights

Continued here:
Neuralstem Reports Fiscal 2014 Fourth Quarter Financial And Year-End Business Results

GERMANTOWN, MD, March 12, 2015 -- Neuralstem, Inc. (NYSE MKT: CUR) announced top line data from the Phase II trial of NSI-566 spinal cord-derived neural stem cells under development for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The study met primary safety endpoints. The maximum tolerated dose of 16 million transplanted cells and the surgery was well tolerated.

Secondary efficacy endpoints at nine months post-surgery indicate a 47% response rate to the stem cell treatment, as measured by either near-zero slope of decline or positive slope of ALSFRS score in seven out of 15 patients and by either a near-zero decline, or positive strengthening, of grip strength in seven out of 15 patients. Grip strength is an indicator of direct muscle strength of the lower arm. ALSFRS is a standard clinical test used to evaluate the functional status of ALS patients. The average ALSFRS score for responders at 9 months after treatment was 37. Non-responders scored an average of 14. These scores represent 93%, versus 35%, of the baseline score retained, respectively, by the responders versus non-responders at 9 months, which is a statistically significant difference. As measured by an average slope of decline of ALSFRS, responders' disease progression was -0.007 point per day, while non-responders' disease progression was -0.1 per day, which was again statistically significant. Lung function as measured by Seated Vital Capacity shows that responder patients remained within 94% of their starting scores, versus 71% for non-responder patients. The trial met its primary safety endpoints. Both the surgery and cells were well-tolerated, with one patient experiencing a surgical serious adverse event.

"In this study, cervical intervention was both safe and well-tolerated with up to 8 million cells in 20 bilateral injections," said Karl Johe, PhD, Neuralstem Chief Scientific Officer. "The study also demonstrated biological activity of the cells and stabilization of disease progression in a subset of patients. As in the first trial, there were both responders and non-responders within the same cohort, from patients whose general pre-surgical presentation is fairly similar. However, we believe that through the individual muscle group measurements, we may now be able to differentiate the responders from the non-responders.

"Our therapy involves transplanting NSI-566 cells directly into specific segments of the cord where the cells integrate into the host motor neurons. The cells surround, protect and nurture the patient's remaining motor neurons in those various cord segments. The approximate strength of those remaining motor neuron pools can be measured indirectly through muscle testing of the appropriate areas, such as in the grip strength tests. We believe these types of endpoints, measuring muscle strength, will allow us to effectively predict patients that will respond to treatment, adding a sensitive measure of the therapeutic effects after treatment. Testing this hypothesis will be one of the primary goals of our next trial." The full data is being compiled into a manuscript for publication.

"We believe the top-line data are encouraging," said Eva Feldman MD, PhD, Director of the A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute and Director of Research of the ALS Clinic at the University of Michigan Health System, and an unpaid consultant to Neuralstem. "We were able to dose up to 16 million cells in 40 injections, which we believe to be the maximum tolerated dose. As in the first trial, the top-line data show disease stabilization in a subgroup of patients. Perhaps equally as important, we believe the top-line data may support a method of differentiating responders from non-responders, which we believe will support our efforts as we move into the next, larger controlled trial expected to begin this summer."

"The top-line data look very positive and encouraging. If this proportion of patients doing well after treatment can be corroborated in future therapeutic trials, it will be better than any response seen in any previous ALS trials," said site principal investigator, Jonathan D. Glass, MD, Director of the Emory ALS Center. "Elucidating which factors define a patient who may have a therapeutic response to the stem cell treatment will be the next key challenge. We are hopeful that a set of predictive algorithms can be established to help pre-select the responders in our future trials."

"We were very excited to participate as a site in this clinical trial," said Merit Cudkowicz, MD, Chief of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Co-Chair of the Northeast ALS Consortium (NEALS). "We are hopeful with respect to the top-line results and we need to move swiftly and safely forward to confirm the responder effect and identify people who might benefit from this treatment approach."

The open-label, dose-escalating trial treated 15 ambulatory patients, divided into 5 dosing cohorts, at three centers, Emory University Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, the ALS Clinic at the University of Michigan Health System, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, and under the direction of principal investigator (PI), Eva Feldman, MD, PhD, Director of the A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute and Director of Research of the ALS Clinic at the University of Michigan Health System. Dosing increased from 1 million to 8 million cells in the cervical region of the spinal cord. The final trial cohort also received an additional 8 million cells in the lumbar region of the spinal cord.

The company anticipates commencing a later-stage, multicenter trial of NSI-566 for treatment of ALS in 2015. Neuralstem has received orphan designation by the FDA for NSI-566 in ALS.

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Excerpt from:
Neuralstem announces topline results of Phase II ALS trial

Pioneering treatment has allowed wheelchair-bound patients to run again Patient given high dose of chemotherapy to wipe out faulty immune system Therapy then uses person's own stem cells to fight the devastating disease It may be the first ever treatment tosuccessfullyreverse symptoms of MS

By Fiona Macrae for the Daily Mail

Published: 13:27 EST, 1 March 2015 | Updated: 02:54 EST, 2 March 2015

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Britons left wheelchair-bound by multiple sclerosis can walk, run and even dance again after being given a pioneering stem cell treatment.

Doctors have described the recoveries as miraculous, while patients say they have been given their lives back.

The treatment uses a patients own stem cells the bodys master cells to fight the disease.

Recovery: MS sufferer Holly Drewerybecame wheelchair-bound after the birth of daughter Isla, but thanks tothe stem cell transplant shecan dance, run and chase after Isla in the park

Continued here:
MS stem cell treatment hailed 'miraculous' as patients make dramatic recovery

A new stem-cell treatment that reboots the entire immune system is enabling multiple sclerosis sufferers to walk, run and even dance again, in results branded "miraculous" by doctors.

Patients who have been wheelchair-bound for 10 years have regained the use of their legs in the ground-breaking therapy, while others who were blind can now see again. The treatment is the first to reverse the symptoms of MS, which is incurable, and affects about 100,000 people in Britain.

The two dozen patients who are taking part in the trials at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, and Kings College Hospital, London, have effectively had their immune systems "rebooted". Although it is unclear what causes MS, some doctors believe it is the immune system itself that attacks the brain and spinal cord, leading to inflammation pain, disability and, in severe cases, death.

In the new treatment, specialists use a high dose of chemotherapy to knock out the immune system before rebuilding it with stem cells taken from the patient's own blood.

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"Since we started treating patients three years ago, some of the results we have seen have been miraculous," Prof Basil Sharrack, a consultant neurologist at Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, said.

"This is not a word I would use lightly, but we have seen profound neurological improvements."

Holly Drewry, 25, of Sheffield, was wheelchair bound after the birth of her daughter, Isla, two years ago. She claims the new treatment has transformed her life.

"It worked wonders," she said. "I remember being in the hospital ... after three weeks, I called my mum and said: 'I can stand'. We were all crying. I can run a little bit, I can dance. I love dancing, it is silly but I do."

However, specialists warn that patients need to be fit to benefit from the new treatment.

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'Miraculous' stem-cell treatment reverses symptoms of multiple sclerosis

By Ashley Dunkak @AshleyDunkak

CBS DETROIT Murray Howe, the head of the radiology department at ProMedica Toledo Hospital, understands the skepticism of those who question the stem cell treatment his father Gordie, also known as Mr. Hockey, received in December in Tijuana, Mexico.

Gordies health had been slowly declining even before the stroke he suffered in late October, and he was essentially bedridden when Murray and his brother Marty took him to Mexico to participate in a clinical trial. They did not have high hopes he was so far gone, Murray recalled but after each step of the two-part process, Gordie improved rapidly, once again able to walk and talk, repossessed of his wit and humor. Murray and his siblings were floored. So were the therapists who had been working with Gordie after his stroke.

Some physicians have scoffed at the idea of stem cells helping an individual who has had a stroke, but Murray a doctor himself says his fathers recovery after treatment opened his eyes to stem cells as a potential game-changer.

Speaking as a medical professional, its so frustrating when you cant really do anything for a patient, said Howe, the head of the radiology department at Toledo Hospital. You give them kind of a death sentence and you say, Well thats all you get. Theres nothing we can really offer. Its so sad. So now to be able to have on the brink of some huge hope for these patients is really, really exciting. As a medical professional, to me, theres never been anything more exciting in my entire career than this.

Murray does not blame people for being skeptical, and he agrees more research on the capabilities of stem cells is needed to show definitively what they can do. To say Murray is optimistic, however, would be a serious understatement.

Theres quite a few individuals out there who are calling themselves stem cell experts or this or that, kind of saying that theres no data to support that stem cells work on ischemic strokes, but thats really not true at all, Murray said. Theres at least 50 clinical studies that are going on across the world that are demonstrating its safety and working on demonstrating its efficacy, and the preliminary results on the ones that Ive seen are tremendous, so the data is clearly there. I think that people across the world in the next couple years are going to be as blown away as I was with our father when they see the power of stem cells and what they do for patients with not just stroke but with dementia and traumatic brain injuries and spinal cord injuries.

My dads case is by no means the only one, Murray continued. Hes kind of like in the middle. Theres examples of patients that have had a far greater result. Im so thrilled for my dad, but by no means was my dad a fluke or a random event. The studies are ongoing, and I think the point of any of the, I guess, naysayers is that Gordie Howe may be anecdotal and we need more research, and I totally agree with that. In fact, based on what weve seen with my father, I would say that we as a country and as a world should make a concerted effort to put as much time and energy as we can into investigating the power of stem cells because I really think that based on what Im seeing this is going to be a game-changer for medicine and a game-changer for quality of life for so many people that have non-option diseases like stroke or dementia.

Heading to Tijuana for treatment was a last-ditch effort to save Gordie, but it was not one the family undertook on a whim, Murray said.

Im well aware of hucksters and con games and this type of thing, and our family has never been about traveling the world to find the miracle cure, Murray said. Im a very mainstream physician. Ive always relied heavily on data and on long-term studies to prove the safety and efficacy of any treatment. For our father, we just our goal has always just been quality of life and comfort. When my mom was sick with her dementia that was our only priority was just keep her comfortable, keep her healthy, as healthy as possible, and keep her safe, and that was it. We had a number of people contact us saying, You know, we could help your mom with this pill and that pill, and I looked at everything that anybody presented to us, but to me there was nothing that showed any data that would made me want to experiment, if you will, with my mom.

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Gordie Howes Son Says Dads Recovery No Fluke, Excited For Future Of Stem Cell Treatment

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Treatment for the crippling condition is currently limited to basic pain relief or complex joint replacement surgery.

But trials using stem cells have shown astonishing results with tissue almost as good as new after just three months.

Professor Sue Kimber, who led the research, said: This work represents an important step forward in treating cartilage damage using embryonic stem cells to form new tissue.

It may offer a new line of therapy for people with crippling joint pain and we now need this process to be developed for patients.

Osteoarthritis occurs when cartilage at the ends of bones wears away causing severe pain and stiffness.

Researchers say the latest experiments show the procedure could potentially be a safe and effective treatment for more than eight million people who suffer from jointdamage and inflammation.

In the experiments, led by teams at Manchester University and Arthritis Research UK, discarded embryonic stem cells from IVF clinics were transformed into cartilage cells.

These were transplanted into rats with defective joints.

Tests showed the high-quality artificially grown tissue quickly aided the repair of the joint.

See the article here:
Arthritis cure is on the way: Scientists make new breakthrough using embryonic stem cells

For the last week, an Italian neurosurgeon has been executing a full-blown media offensive, talking up his plan to stitch one persons head to another persons body. If the powers-that-be would just get over their ethical queasiness, Sergio Canavero of the Turin Advanced Neuromodulation Group says he could accomplish the feat by 2017.

But full-body transplants arent so crazy. In fact, it might surprise you that there was a successful operation as far back as 1818. Well, successful if you ignore that the transplantee freaked out and murdered his doctors family. Oh wait. That was Frankenstein. I take it back, full body transplants are totally crazy.

What the hell, going to the moon was crazy too, right? And a maybe-crazy-but-what-the-hell moonshot is exactly how Canavero sees his plan to help patients with severe physical impairments. Why did the US and the Soviet Union just vie for being the first to space? Because it is about measuring dicks. We want to demonstrate as a country, to say: I am the best, he says. Canaveros latest paper glosses over questions of ethics and practicality and tacklesthe trickiest aspect of the head-swapping procedure: The spinal splice.

Canaveros plan focuses on sewingtwo people together by their spinal cords. (Hooking up the rest of the utilitiesblood vessels, airways, blood vesselsis incredibly difficult, but trifling in comparison.) Step one is to sever the cords with a special, ultra-thin blade. Canavero rightly notes most cases of spinal trauma are well, traumatic: Snapping your neck on a skateboard ramp is bound to leave the spinal cord in an untidy condition. Those nerve cells scar, and scarring would impede their regeneration (if cells in the central nervous system could regeneratewell get to that in a sec). A clean wound, on the other hand, heals cleanly. Canavero likens those million sharply severed neurons to spaghetti. Italians adore spaghetti, I love spaghetti, and spaghetti is what is called for here, he says.

The job of fusing those spaghetti-like spinal sections together falls to a substance called polyethylene glycol. This stuff has actually been pretty good at repairing the motor functions in rats with spinal traumathough even the kindest critic will point out that successful rat experiments are a far cry from proving that the stuff will repair human spines. Still, Canavero is raring to go. I have enough animal data, he says. Give me a brain dead organ donor. Say someone is in a traumatic car accident, and doctors say that he cannot be saved. In the time between when the persons family says its OK to pull the plug and the moment the doctors actually do so, Canavero asks for three to four hours. I sever the spinal cord, add polyethylene glycol, and start measuring electrophysiological responses, he says.

After surgery (and during it, one hopes), Canavero will keep the patient in a coma. He estimates it will take about at least two weeks for the first axons to beginlacing themselves together, at which point the patient can be revived. Throughout the coma and for some time after, Canavero will bathe the spinal splice with a mild electrical current. This is not a free Frankenstein joke from the good doctor: Its actually a method thats seen surprisingly promising results healingrealhuman patients with spinal trauma. Canavero is confident that this will keep the muscle cells operational. Combined with physical therapy, Canavero estimates his as-yet-unchosen patient (any volunteers?) will be back on her (new) feet in about a year.

In case this wasnt entirelyclear: Canaveros plan is insane. Like, James Bond villain insane. And its not just because his plan fits together like a Voltron of bad science (which it does). Its kind of a bummer, actually, because his plan couldmaybework, if he was given free rein to cut and sew living peoples heads to dead peoples bodies until he got it right. But besides ethics, theres an unfortunate fact of biology standing in his way: The central nervous system in higher vertebrateslike humansdoes not regenerate. Hes insane. You cant put a head on somebody else! says Binhai Zhang, a neurosurgeon at UC San Diego. The reason why goes down to your DNA. The genes in a mature mammalian central nervous system that control regeneration are repressed, says Michael Beattie, a professor of neurosurgery at UC San Francisco. Theyll stay that way, no matter how much you treat the spinal cord with polyethylene glycol and electrical currents. (Although, hey, who wants to work on un-repressing those genes?)

Nobody knows for sure why the cells in your brain and spine arent wired for regrowth. After all, your peripheral nervous systemthe circuitry for every other part of your bodyconducts electrical impulses in exactly the same way, but its genes can code for self-repair. Beattie says this may have to do the fact the spine and brain contain the circuitry coded for movement, not just for conducting signals. Spinal cells must knit themselves together in super-complex configurations in order to command the motor functions youve learned over a lifetime. Once the connections are made, you dont want the wrong connections getting created, he says.

The only reliable way to induce spinal cell regrowth in higher order vertebrates is with stem cell therapy. Last year scientists showed pluripotent stem cells could regrow damaged spinal cordsbut only in rats. Mark Tuszynski studies stem cells in spinal injury at UC San Diego, and he says even with this advance the research community is years away from attempting suchtreatments on humans. Its not at the stage yet where there can be meaningful advances in clinical trials, he says. Plus stem cells will need help, in the form of drugs that knock down natural regeneration inhibitors that your body creates (because cancer), and still more drugs to keep your body from creating scar tissue around the wound. (Though in fairness, thats the idea behind Canaveros super-thin knife.) All of this research remainsyears away from clinical application.

And this slow, careful tempodo no harm being a hallmark of western medicineis what drives Canaveros bold assertion that he will have a successful head transplant in 24 months. There are all these people who tell you: Who is this guy who can do this in two years? When you go public with something like this, you have to have two balls like this. There are people who are not so strong-balled and will just get crushed by the critics. But I love the critics. This is a feat of theoretical neuroscience and the evidence is there and its going to work. In case you need clarification, his main argument there is Haters gonna hate.

Excerpt from:
Full-Body Transplants Are a Crazy, Wildly Unethical Idea

A new stem cell treatment that reboots the entire immune system is enabling multiple sclerosis sufferers to walk, run and even dance again, in results branded "miraculous" by doctors.

Patients who have been wheelchair-bound for 10 years have regained the use of their legs in the ground-breaking therapy, while others who were blind can now see again. The treatment is the first to reverse the symptoms of MS, which is incurable, and affects about 100,000 people in Britain.

The two dozen patients who are taking part in the trials at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, and Kings College Hospital, London, have effectively had their immune systems "rebooted". Although it is unclear what causes MS, some doctors believe that it is the immune system itself that attacks the brain and spinal cord, leading to inflammation pain, disability and, in severe cases, death.

In the new treatment, specialists use a high dose of chemotherapy to knock out the immune system before rebuilding it with stem cells taken from the patient's own blood. "Since we started treating patients three years ago, some of the results we have seen have been miraculous," Prof Basil Sharrack, a consultant neurologist at Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, told The Sunday Times.

"This is not a word I would use lightly, but we have seen profound neurological improvements." Holly Drewry, 25, of Sheffield, was wheelchair bound after the birth of her daughter Isla, now two. But she claims the new treatment has transformed her life.

"It worked wonders," she said. "I remember being in the hospital... after three weeks, I called my mum and said: 'I can stand'. We were all crying. I can run a little bit, I can dance. I love dancing, it is silly but I do. " However, specialists warn that patients need to be fit to benefit from the new treatment. "This is not a treatment that is suitable for everybody because it is very aggressive and patients need to be quite fit to withstand the effects of the chemotherapy," warned Prof Sharrack.

The research was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

Continue reading here:
'Miraculous' stem cell treatment may reverse symptoms of multiple sclerosis

Stem-cell advocates pin their hopes on an artificial pancreas to treat diabetes.

Fourteen years ago, during the darkest moments of the stem-cell wars pitting American scientists against the White House of George W. Bush, one group of advocates could be counted on to urge research using cells from human embryos: parents of children with type 1 diabetes. Motivated by scientists who told them these cells would lead to amazing cures, they spent millions on TV ads, lobbying, and countless phone calls to Congress.

Now the first test of a type 1 diabetes treatment using stem cells has finally begun. In October, a San Diego man had two pouches of lab-grown pancreas cells, derived from human embryonic stem cells, inserted into his body through incisions in his back. Two other patients have since received the stand-in pancreas, engineered by a small San Diego company called ViaCyte.

Its a significant step, partly because the ViaCyte study is only the third in the United States of any treatment based on embryonic stem cells. These cells, once removed from early-stage human embryos, can be grown in a lab dish and retain the ability to differentiate into any of the cells and tissue types in the body. One other study, since cancelled, treated several patients with spinal-cord injury (see Geron Shuts Down Pioneering Stem-Cell Program and Stem-Cell Gamble), while tests to transplant lab-grown retina cells into the eyes of people going blind are ongoing (see Stem Cells Seem Safe in Treating Eye Disease).

Type 1 patients must constantly monitor their blood glucose using finger pricks, carefully time when and what they eat, and routinely inject themselves with insulin that the pancreas should make. Insulin, a hormone, triggers the removal of excess glucose from the blood for storage in fat and muscles. In type 1 diabetics, the pancreas doesnt make it because their own immune system has attacked and destroyed the pancreatic islets, the tiny clusters of cells containing the insulin-secreting beta cells.

The routine is especially hard on children, but if they dont manage their glucose properly, they could suffer nerve and kidney damage, blindness, and a shortened life span. Yet despite years of research, there is still just nothing to offer patients, says Robert Henry, a doctor at the University of California, San Diego, whose center is carrying out the surgeries for ViaCyte.

Henry slightly overstates the case, but not by much. There is something called the Edmonton Protocol, a surgical technique first described in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2000. It used islets collected from cadavers; by transplanting them, doctors at the University of Alberta managed to keep all seven of their first patients off insulin for an entire year.

Early hopes for the Edmonton Protocol were quickly tempered, however. Only about half of patients treated have stayed off insulin long-term, and the procedure, which is still regarded as experimental in the U.S., isnt paid for by insurance. It requires recipients to take powerful immune-suppressing drugs for life. Suitable donor pancreases are in extremely short supply.

The early success of the Edmonton Protocol came only two years after the discovery of embryonic stem cells, in 1998. Those pressing for a diabetes cure quickly set a new goal: pair something like the Edmonton Protocol with the technology of lab-grown beta cells, the supplies of which are theoretically infinite.

This biocompatible capsule is designed to protect manufactured pancreas cells.

The rest is here:
A Pancreas in a Capsule

On the weekend, a whos who of hockey legends gathered to pay tribute to Gordie Howe in his hometown of Saskatoon.

In addition to sharing memories about Mr. Hockey, a constant theme of the festivities was his miracle recovery from stroke.

Mr. Howe, 86, suffered two strokes last year and, according to his family, was near death before he travelled to Clinica Santa Clarita in Tijuana, Mexico, in December for experimental stem-cell treatment.

Afterward, Mr. Howe was able to walk again. He regained a lot of weight and he began to resemble his old self. (Most of this is second-hand; Mr. Howe also suffers from dementia and has not or cannot speak of his symptoms or treatment first-hand.)

After his stem-cell treatment, the doctor told us it was kind of an awakening of the body, his son, Marty Howe, told The Canadian Press. They call it the miracle of stem cells and it was nothing less than a miracle.

Mr. Howes Lazarus-like recovery makes for a great tug-at-the-heartstrings narrative for a man whose career has been the embodiment of perseverance and longevity. But if you step back a moment and examine the science, all sorts of alarm bells should go off.

Stem cells, which were discovered in the early 1960s, have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cells, at least in the embryonic stage. They also serve as the bodys internal repair system.

The notion that spinal cords and limbs and heart muscle and brain cells could be regenerated holds a magical appeal.

But, so far, stem-cell therapies have been used effectively to treat only a small number of blood disorders, such as leukemia. (Canada has a public bank that collects stem cells from umbilical-cord blood and a program to match stem-cell donors with needy patients.)

Stem cells also show promise in the treatment of conditions such as spinal-cord injuries, Parkinsons and multiple sclerosis, but those hopes have not yet moved from the realm of science-fiction into clinical medicine.

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The stem-cell miracle is anecdotal