In 1996, Dolly the sheep made headlines around the world after becoming the first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult cell. Many commentators thought this would catalyze a golden age of cloning, with numerous voices speculating that the first human clone must surely be just a few years away.

Some people suggested that human clones could play a role in eradicating genetic diseases, while others considered that the cloning process could, eventually, eliminate birth defects (despite research by a group of French scientists in 1999 finding that cloning may actually increase the risk of birth defects).

There have been various claims all unfounded, it is important to add of successful human cloning progams since the success of Dolly. In 2002, Brigitte Boisselier, a French chemist and devout supporter of Ralism a UFO religion based on the idea that aliens created humanity claimed that she and a team of scientists had successfully delivered the first cloned human, whom she named Eve.

However, Boisselier was unwilling or indeed unable to provide any evidence, and so it is widely believed to be a hoax.

So why, almost 30 years on from Dolly, haven't humans been cloned yet? Is it primarily for ethical reasons, are there technological barriers, or is it simply not worth doing?

Related: What are the alternatives to animal testing?

"Cloning" is a broad term, given it can be used to describe a range of processes and approaches, but the aim is always to produce "genetically identical copies of a biological entity," according to the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI).

Any attempted human cloning would most likely utilize "reproductive cloning" techniques an approach in which a "mature somatic cell," most probably a skin cell, would be used, according to NHGRI. The DNA extracted from this cell would be placed into the egg cell of a donor that has "had its own DNA-containing nucleus removed."

The egg would then begin to develop in a test tube before being "implanted into the womb of an adult female," according to NHGRI.

However, while scientists have cloned many mammals, including cattle, goats, rabbits and cats, humans have not made the list.

"I think there is no good reason to make [human] clones," Hank Greely, a professor of law and genetics at Stanford University who specializes in ethical, legal and social issues arising from advances in the biosciences, told Live Science in an email.

"Human cloning is a particularly dramatic action, and was one of the topics that helped launch American bioethics," Greely added.

The ethical concerns around human cloning are many and varied. According to Britannica, the potential issues encompass "psychological, social and physiological risks." These include the idea that cloning could lead to a "very high likelihood" of loss of life, as well as concerns around cloning being used by supporters of eugenics. Furthermore, according to Britannica, cloning could be deemed to violate "principles of human dignity, freedom and equality."

In addition, the cloning of mammals has historically resulted in extremely high rates of death and developmental abnormalities in the clones, Live Science previously reported.

Another core issue with human cloning is that, rather than creating a carbon copy of the original person, it would produce an individual with their own thoughts and opinions.

"We've all known clones identical twins are clones of each other and thus we all know that clones aren't the same person," Greely explained.

A human clone, Greely continued, would only have the same genetic makeup as someone else they would not share other things such as personality, morals or sense of humor: these would be unique to both parties.

People are, as we well know, far more than simply a product of their DNA. While it is possible to reproduce genetic material, it is not possible to exactly replicate living environments, create an identical upbringing, or have two people encounter the same life experiences.

So, if scientists were to clone a human, would there be any benefits, scientific or otherwise?

"There are none that we should be willing to consider," Greely said, emphasizing that the ethical concerns would be impossible to overlook.

However, if moral considerations were removed entirely from the equation, then "one theoretical benefit would be to create genetically identical humans for research purposes," Greely said, though he was keen to reaffirm his view that this should be thought of as "an ethical non-starter."

Greely also stated that, regardless of his own personal opinion, some of the potential benefits associated with cloning humans have, to a certain degree, been made redundant by other scientific developments.

"The idea of using cloned embryos for purposes other than making babies, for example producing human embryonic stem cells identical to a donor's cells, was widely discussed in the early 2000s," he said, but this line of research became irrelevant and has subsequently not been expanded upon post-2006, the year so-called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were discovered. These are "adult" cells that have been reprogrammed to resemble cells in early development.

Shinya Yamanaka, a Japanese stem cell researcher and 2012 Nobel Prize winner, made the discovery when he "worked out how to return adult mouse cells to an embryonic-like state using just four genetic factors," according to an article in Nature. The following year, Yamanaka, alongside renowned American biologist James Thompson, managed to do the same with human cells.

When iPSCs are "reprogrammed back into an embryonic-like pluripotent state," they enable the "development of an unlimited source of any type of human cell needed for therapeutic purposes," according to the Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Therefore, instead of using embryos, "we can effectively do the same thing with skin cells," Greely said.

This development in iPSC technology essentially rendered the concept of using cloned embryos both unnecessary and scientifically inferior.

Related: What is the most genetically diverse species?

Nowadays, iPSCs can be used for research in disease modeling, medicinal drug discovery and regenerative medicine, according to a 2015 paper published in the journal Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.

Additionally, Greely also suggested that human cloning may simply no longer be a "sexy" area of scientific study, which could also explain why it has seen very little development in recent years.

He pointed out that human germline genome editing is now a more interesting topic in the public's mind, with many curious about the concept of creating "super babies," for example. Germline editing, or germline engineering, is a process, or series of processes, that create permanent changes to an individuals genome. These alterations, when introduced effectively, become heritable, meaning they will be handed down from parent to child.

Such editing is controversial and yet to be fully understood. In 2018, the Council of Europe Committee on Bioethics, which represents 47 European states, released a statement saying that "ethics and human rights must guide any use of genome editing technologies in human beings," adding that "the application of genome editing technologies to human embryos raises many ethical, social and safety issues, particularly from any modification of the human genome which could be passed on to future generations."

However, the council also noted that there is "strong support" for using such engineering and editing technologies to better understand "the causes of diseases and their future treatment," noting that they offer "considerable potential for research in this field and to improve human health."

George Church, a geneticist and molecular engineer at Harvard University, supports Greely's assertion that germline editing is likely to garner more scientific interest in the future, especially when compared with "conventional" cloning.

"Cloning-based germline editing is typically more precise, can involve more genes, and has more efficient delivery to all cells than somatic genome editing," he told Live Science.

However, Church was keen to urge caution, and admitted that such editing has not yet been mastered.

"Potential drawbacks to address include safety, efficacy and equitable access for all," he concluded.

Originally published on Live Science.

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If you are a new or expectant parent, youve probably heard about the option of banking your babys cord blood at birth. The topic can be confusing, and you may have many unanswered questions.

You may be unsure exactly what cord banking involves, why people choose to bank their infants blood, whether its worth it to do so, and how much it costs to bank cord blood.

Heres a simple breakdown of the potential benefits of cord blood banking and how to decide if its right for your family.

At birth, your newborns placenta and umbilical cord contain blood that is rich with potentially lifesaving stem cells. This blood can be removed, stored, and used down the road to treat various diseases and conditions.

Healthcare professionals do not remove cord blood directly from babies or birthing parents. Rather, it comes from the umbilical cord and placenta themselves, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).

The stem cells in umbilical cords and placentas are called hematopoietic stem cells. In people with certain health conditions, they can be used to produce healthy new cells and replace damaged cells.

Stem cells are used to treat over 70 types of diseases, according to ACOG. These include:

You might choose to bank your newborns cord blood for several reasons.

First, you may choose to do so if you have a family member with a medical condition that might benefit from stem cell donation. Alternatively, you might want to donate your babys blood to help another person in need of stem cells.

One myth about cord banking is that you child can use the cord blood down the line, should they develop a serious medical concern. This type of transfer where a persons own cord blood is used to treat their health condition is called an autologous transplant.

ACOG notes that autologous transfers are rare.

If your child has a genetic disease, for example, treating them with their own stem cells wouldnt help because these stem cells contain the same genes as the cells that are involved in the disease. Similarly, your own childs stem cells cant be used to treat cancers such as leukemia.

Instead, most cord blood transplants are allogeneic.

This means that your childs stem cells would be used to treat another child or adult. It would require a strong match between the stem cell recipient (the person using the stem cells) and the stem cell donor (your child).

The benefits of cord blood banking depend on your purpose and where you are storing your childs cord blood.

If you are storing your childs blood at a private institution, you may be able to use the stem cells to directly benefit a family member in need, including a close family member or your childs sibling.

Storing your babys cord blood in a public facility has benefits, too. Stem cells can help treat people with many types of health conditions, including cancers and certain metabolic and immunologic conditions, according to the Health Resources & Services Administration.

There are many advantages to using stem cell transplants for treating medical conditions rather than using bone marrow transplants.

According to ACOG, these benefits include:

If you want to have your newborns cord blood collected, you should inform your OB-GYN or birthing professional, such as a midwife, and the hospital or facility where you will give birth. They may need to order special equipment or a cord collecting kit.

Usually, you will need to inform your healthcare team of your choice to bank your infants blood about 6 weeks in advance of your due date. Youll also need to be sure youve signed all the required consent forms.

Cord blood extraction happens in the hospital after birth and after a healthcare professional has clamped and cut the umbilical cord. They will then use a needle to draw blood out of the cord and store in a designated bag.

The entire process is quick about 10 minutes and does not involve direct contact with your baby.

Sometimes, cord blood extraction isnt possible. Reasons for this may include:

After collection, cord blood must be stored very carefully to ensure that its quality is preserved. Each facility has its own protocols and procedures for how this is done.

The Academy of American Pediatrics (AAP) explains certain accrediting institutions oversee the regulation of cord blood storage and cautions that some private cord blood banks may not meet all these standards.

Before agreeing to have your childs cord blood stored at a private facility, you may want to find out:

Cord blood bank accrediting institutions include:

Before considering cord blood donation, its important for you to understand the difference between private and public banks. Heres what to know:

Private banks are usually used by parents who believe that their childs cord blood may be helpful to a family member who has a medical condition.

They require you to pay on an ongoing basis for your childs cord blood to be stored.

Not all private banks are accredited or regulated in the same way that public banks are.

Public banks are free and supported by government or private funds.

Currently, there is very little evidence that storing your childs blood will help your own child fight a medical condition in the future. In fact, if your child needs stem cells to treat a condition, its more likely that they will receive a donation from a public cord bank.

When you donate to a public cord bank, you do not get to decide who will use your childs blood. You are essentially donating your childs cord blood to help a person in need.

Public cord banks are heavily regulated, and cord blood from these banks is used more frequently than cord blood from private banks. In fact, blood from public banks is used 30 times more frequently than from private banks.

Most major health organizations including the Academy of American Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend public cord blood banking.

Another reason these organizations recommend using public cord blood banks is that they are consistently and well regulated.

Cord blood banking at a public cord bank is free, and you will not have to pay any costs if you donate. These institutions are usually supported by federal funds or receive private funding.

On the other hand, private blood cord banks charge fees, and you must pay these fees for the entire time your childs cord blood is stored in these facilities.

Private cord banks generally charge an initial fee for collecting and processing cord blood. After these initial fees, you will also pay annual fees for ongoing storage. Private cord blood banks vary in their fee amounts, but they average about $2,000 for initial fees and between $100 and $175 each year for annual storage fees, per the AAP.

There are many benefits to banking cord blood. But how you do it depends on several factors, including your familys medical needs and your financial situation.

Almost anyone can choose to donate their infants cord blood to a public bank. Doing so may help many people. While most medical institutions do not recommend private cord banking, this may be the right choice for you if you have a family member who might use the cord blood you bank to treat a health condition.

Either way, its a good idea to speak with your healthcare professional before deciding on whether to bank your babys cord blood. They can also advise you on the best way to do it and which type of blood bank may best meet your needs.

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image:A team at Scripps Research demonstrated how protein-sugar clusters called proteoglycans can guide processes like cell maturation and neuronal synapse formation, among other functions. As one example, pictured, semi-synthetic syndecan-1 proteoglycan rescues the maturation of mouse embryonic stem cells into neural precursor cells (red and green). view more

Credit: Meg Critcher, Scripps Research

LA JOLLA, CAScientists at Scripps Research have developed a set of methods for the closer study of one of the least-accessible, least-understood players in biology: protein-sugar conjugates called proteoglycans.

These molecules are often thickly present on the surfaces of cells and are known to have a broad set of functions in the body, though how they work and how their dysfunctions contribute to diseases are largely mysteries.

The scientists, who report their work in Nature Chemical Biology on May 12, 2022, devised synthetic proteoglycans that closely mimic real ones but have convenient chemical handles for modifying them. These and other aspects of their research platform enable the systematic study of how proteoglycans structure affects their functions in health and disease. The scientists demonstrated the effectiveness of their platform by using it to make new discoveries about proteoglycans roles in early cell development and in cancer cell spreading.

Were essentially unpacking the complexity of these molecules by constructing them in a modular way ourselves, and studying them in a tightly controlled environment, says study senior author Mia Huang, PhD, associate professor in the Department of Molecular Medicine at Scripps Research.

A proteoglycan starts as just a proteinthe so-called core proteinbut this protein contains special sites where any of a variety of sugar-related molecular chains called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) can be linked. Within the cell where the protein originates, enzymes catalyze the attachment of GAGs to it, and this newborn proteoglycan normally is further decorated with clusters of sulfur and oxygen atoms called sulfates. The finished proteoglycan may be anchored into the cell membrane, its GAG chains waving in the extracellular fluid like seagrass, or it may be secreted from the cell to perform other functions.

With such complexity, it is no surprise that proteoglycans have versatile functionsthey are present in virtually all tissues, including cartilage, collagen, bone, skin, blood vessels, brain cells and mucosal surfaces. They help steer processes such as cell maturation, cell adhesion, cell migration, and neuronal synapse formation; serve as receptors for protein signaling partners; and are even used by some viruses and bacteria to latch onto cells. But proteoglycans complexity also means that how they do what they do, and with what partners, remains largely undiscovered. Scientists arent even certain how many proteoglycans there are in human and other mammalian cellsalthough there are at least dozens.

Huang and her team, including first authors Timothy OLeary, PhD and Meg Critcher, respectively a postdoctoral researcher and doctoral candidate in the Huang Lab during the study, constructed proteoglycan core proteins that are almost identical to known core proteins, but contain special molecular handles enabling the researchers to change the numbers and locations and types of GAG chains that bind to them. This allows the researchers to study systematically how the function of a proteoglycan changes as its GAG arrangement changes.

The researchers also developed techniques allowing them to anchor their proteoglycans in cell membranes or to let them float freely, to see how this affects proteoglycans functions in different circumstances.

Using their synthetic versions of common proteoglycans called syndecans, the scientists were able to study the respective contributions of GAG chains and core proteins. Specifically, they looked at two key biological processes mediated by syndecans: the maturing of stem cells, and the spreading of breast cancer cells on an extracellular matrix.

We learned from these experiments that not only the GAG chains but also the core proteins contribute to proteoglycan function, says Critcher. Notably, we also found that proteoglycans role in cancer cell spreading depends heavily on whether they are anchored to the cell membrane or free-floating.

The team also incorporated a method called proximity tagging to help them identify proteoglycans interaction partners. Huang and colleagues are now using this, and their modular construction technique, to study the interactions of syndecans and other proteoglycans in different contextsand with different GAG arrangementsand otherwise to explore their structures and functions.

Chemical editing of proteoglycan architecture was co-authored by Timothy OLeary, Meg Critcher, Tesia Stephenson, Xueyi Yang, Abdullah Hassan, Noah Bartfield, Richard Hawkins, and Mia Huang.

Funding for the research was provided by the National Institutes of Health (R00HD090292, R35GM142462).

About Scripps Research

Scripps Research is an independent, nonprofit biomedical institute ranked the most influential in the world for its impact on innovation by Nature Index. We are advancing human health through profound discoveries that address pressing medical concerns around the globe. Our drug discovery and development division, Calibr, works hand-in-hand with scientists across disciplines to bring new medicines to patients as quickly and efficiently as possible, while teams at Scripps Research Translational Institute harness genomics, digital medicine and cutting-edge informatics to understand individual health and render more effective healthcare. Scripps Research also trains the next generation of leading scientists at our Skaggs Graduate School, consistently named among the top 10 US programs for chemistry and biological sciences. Learn more atwww.scripps.edu.

Nature Chemical Biology

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Mucosal barrier injury (MBI) in the gastrointestinal tract remains a major clinical obstacle in the effective treatment of hematological malignancies, driving local and systemic complications that negatively impact treatment outcomes. Here, we provide the first evidence of hyper-activation of the IL-1/CXCL1/neutrophil axis as a major driver of MBI (induced by melphalan), which supports evaluating the IL-1RA anakinra, both preclinically and clinically. Our data reinforce that strengthening the mucosal barrier with anakinra is safe and effective in controlling MBI which in turn, stabilises the host microbiota and minimises febrile events. Together, these findings represent a significant advance in prompting new therapeutic initiatives that prioritise maintenance of the gut microenvironment.

The IL-1/CXCL1/neutrophil axis is documented to drive intestinal mucosal inflammation, activated by ligation of intestinal pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors (TLRs)31. In the context of MBI, TLR4 activation is known to drive intestinal toxicity32, 33, however targeting TLR4 directly is challenging due to emerging regulation of tumour response34,35,36,37. As such, we selected anakinra as our intervention to inhibit inflammatory mechanisms downstream of TLR4. While anakinra was able to minimise the intensity and duration of MBI, it did not completely prevent it with comparable citrulline dynamics across animal groups in the first 48h after melphalan treatment. This reflects the core pathobiological understanding of MBI which is initiated by direct cytotoxic events which activate a cascade of inflammatory signalling that serve to exacerbate mucosal injury and the subsequent breakdown of the mucosal barrier33. By preventing this self-perpetuating circle of injury with anakinra, we were able to effectively minimise the duration of MBI and thus have a profound impact on the clinical symptomology associated with MBI including weight loss and anorexia. These findings firstly highlight the cluster of (pre-)clinical symptoms related to MBI (malnutrition, anorexia, diarrhea)38 and suggest that the mucoprotective properties of anakinra will provide broader benefits to the host, mitigating the need for intensive supportive care interventions (e.g. parenteral nutrition).

In line with our hypothesised approach, minimising the duration of MBI reduced secondary events including enteric pathobiont expansion and fever. This again reiterates that changes in the host microbiome and associated complications can be controlled by strengthening the mucosal barrier39. It can be postulated that by minimising the intensity of mucosal injury, the hostility of the microbial environment is reduced ensuring populations of commensal microbes to be maintained. This is supported by our results with the abundance of Faecalibaculum maintained throughout the time course of MBI. Faecalibaculum is a potent butyrate-producing bacterial genus documented to control pathogen expansion by acidification of the luminal environment. Administration of Faecalibacteria prausnitzii has been shown to reduce infection load in a model of antibiotic-induced Clostridioides difficile infection, whilst also showing mucoprotective benefits in models of MBI40, 41. Furthermore, it is documented to cross feed other commensal microbes increasing colonization resistance. Together, these underscore the luminal benefits of strengthening the mucosal barrier and suggest that maintenance of commensal microbes is central to minimizing translocation events and subsequent BSI.

In our clinical Phase IIA study with 3+3 design, we have shown that treatment with anakinra, up until a dose of 300mg, appears to be safe, feasible, and tolerated well. Of course, the sample size of this study was relatively small. However, anakinra was previously evaluated for its efficacy in the treatment of acute and chronic GvHD in patients allogeneic HSCT. In these studies, patients were treated for a similar time period (with higher doses of anakinra). No differences were seen between the anakinra and placebo group regarding (S)AEs, including infections and time to neutrophil recovery. There were no significant changes in our exploratory analyses, however, it was of note to see marked increase in IL-10 in patients that received 300mg anakinra. This may reflect anakinras capacity to promote anti-inflammatory signaling as observed in COVID-19 related respiratory events42. However, with our sample size it is not possible to make any conclusions on this mechanism. Our conclusion is that the recommended dose (RP2D) for anakinra is 300mg QD, which will be investigated in Phase IIB trial (AFFECT-2 study: Anakinra: Efficacy in the Management of Fever During Neutropenia and Mucositis in ASCT; clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT04099901)43.

While encouraging, our data must be viewed in light of some limitations. Most importantly, our animal model purposely did not include any antimicrobials as we aimed to dissect the true contribution of MBI in pathogen expansion and subsequent febrility. While it is unclear if melphalan has a direct cytotoxic effect on the microbiota, it is likely that MBI drives dysbiosis with antibiotics serving to exacerbate these changes, with previous data demonstrating no direct impact of specific chemotherapeutic agents on microbial viability44. As such, assuming dysbiosis is secondary to mucosal injury as recently demonstrated45, we anticipate that anakinra will still have an appreciable impact on the severity of dysbiosis and may even prompt more protocolised/limited antibiotic use. Similarly, while we used body temperature as an indicator of BSI, we did not culture peripheral blood or mesenteric lymph nodes as was performed in our animal model development. The ability of anakinra to prevent BSI and thus minimise antibiotic use will be best evaluated in AFFECT-2 where routine blood culture is performed. It is also important to consider that we detected episodes of bacteremia in our participants that were likely caused by skin colonizing organisms; a mechanism anakinra will not influence. While these are expected in HSCT recipients, the majority of infectious cases originate from the gut, and we therefore anticipate anakinras capacity to strengthen the mucosal barrier will be clinically impactful in our next study. It must also be acknowledged that limited mechanistic investigations were conducted to identify the way in which anakinra provided mucoprotection. It is well documented that MBI is highly multifactorial, involving mucosal, microbial and metabolic dysfunction33, 46; each of which is mediated through aberrant cytokine production. It is therefore unlikely that anakinra will affect distinct pathways, instead dampening multiple mechanisms. In translating this evidence to the clinic, the impact of anakinra on symptom control is of greater significance than mechanistic insight.

In conclusion, we have demonstrated that not only is anakinra safe in HSCT recipients treated with HDM, but may also be an effective strategy to prevent acute MBI. Our data are critical in supporting new antibiotic stewardship efforts directed at mitigating the emerging consequences of antibiotic use. We suggest that minimizing the severity and duration of MBI is an important aspect of infection control that may optimize the efficacy of anti-cancer treatment, decreasing its impact on antibiotic resistance and the long-term complications associated with microbial disruption.

This study is reported using the ARRIVE guidelines for the accurate and reproducible reporting of animal research.

All animal studies were approved by the Dutch Centrale Commissie Dierproeven (CCD) and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen (RUG), under the license number 171325-01(-002). The procedures were carried out in accordance with the Dutch Experiments on Animals (Wet op de Dierproeven) and the EU Directive 2010/63/EU. All animals were individually housed in conventional, open cages at the Centrale Dienst Proefdieren (CDP; Central Animal Facility) at the University Medical Centre Groningen. Rats (single housed) were housed under 12h light/dark cycles with ad libitum access to autoclaved AIN93G rodent chow and sterile water. All rats acclimatised for 10days and randomised to their treatment groups via a random number sequence generated in Excel. Small adjustments were made to ensure comparable body weight at the time of treatment and cages were equally distributed across racks to minimise confounding factors. HRW was responsible for animal allocation and assessments while RH/ARDSF performed treatments. Softened chow and subcutaneous saline were provided to rats to reduce suffering/distress and were humanely euthanised if a clinical toxicity score>/=12 was observed. This score was calculated based on weight loss, diarrhea, reluctance to move, coat condition and food intake; each of which were assessed 03. At completion of the study, rats were anaesthetised with 5% isoflurane in an induction chamber, followed by cardiac puncture and cervical dislocation (isoflurane provided by a facemask).

We have previously reported on the development and validation of our HDM model of MBI, which exhibits both clinical and molecular consistency with patients undergoing HDM treatment21. During model development, plasma (isolated from whole blood) was collected and stored for cytokine analysis to inform the selection of our intervention. Repeated whole blood samples (75l) were collected from the tail vein into EDTA-treated haematocrit capillary tubes on day 0, 4, 7 and 10.

Cytokines (IFN-, IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, KC/GRO and TNF-) using the Meso Scale Discovery V-Plex Proinflammatory Panel Rat 2 following manufacturers guidelines. On the day of analysis, all reagents were brought to room temperature, samples were centrifuged to remove any particulate matter and diluted 1:4. Data analysis was performed using the Meso Scale Discovery Workbench.

Male albino Wistar rats (150180g) were randomized (Excel number generator) to one of four experimental groups (N=16/group): (1) controls (phosphate buffered saline (PBS)+0.9% NaCl), (2) anakinra+0.9% NaCl, (3) PBS+melphalan, and (4) anakinra+melphalan. Melphalan was administered as a single, intravenous dose on day 0 (5mg/kg, 10mg/ml) via the penile vein under 3% isoflurane anaesthetic. Anakinra was administered subcutaneously (100mg/kg, 150mg/ml) twice daily from day 1 to+4 (8 am and 5pm). N=4 rats per group were terminated at the exploratory time points (day 4, and 7) and N=8 on day 10 (recovery phase) by isoflurane inhalation (3%) and cervical dislocation. The primary endpoint for the intervention study was plasma citrulline, a validated biomarker of MBI19, 47, which was used for all power calculations (N=8 required, alpha=0.05, beta=0.8).

Clinical manifestations of MBI were assessed using validated parameters of body weight, food intake and water intake, as well as routine welfare indicators (movement, posture, coat condition). Rats were weighed daily, and water/food intake monitored by manual weighing of chow and water bottles.

Plasma citrulline is an indicator of intestinal enterocyte mass48, and a validated biomarker of intestinal MBI. Repeated blood samples (75l) were collected from the tail vein into EDTA-treated haematocrit capillary tubes on day 0, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 10. Citrulline was determined in 30l of plasma (isolated from whole blood via centrifugation at 4000g for 10min) using automated ion exchange column chromatography as previously described49.

Whole blood samples (200l) were collected from the tail vein into MiniCollect EDTA tubes on day 0, 4, 7 and 10 for differential morphological analysis which included: white blood cell count (WBC, 109/L), red blood cell count (RBC, 109/L), haemoglobin (HGB, mmol/L), haematocrit (HCT, L/L), mean corpuscular volume (MCV, fL), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH, amol), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC, mmol/L), platelet count (PLT, 109/L), red blood cell distribution width (RDW-SD/-CV, fL/%), mean platelet volume (fL), mean platelet volume (MPV, fL), platelet large cell ratio (P-LCR, %), procalcitonin (PCT, %), nucleated red blood cell (NRBC, 109/L and %), neutrophils (109/L and %), lymphocytes (109/L and %), monocytes (109/L and %), eosinophils (109/L and %), basophils (109/L and %) and immunoglobulins (IG, 109/L and %). For the purpose of the current study only neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes were evaluated.

Core body temperature was used as an indicator of fever. Body temperature was assessed daily using the Plexx B.V. DAS-7007R handheld reader and IPT programmable transponders. Transponders were inserted subcutaneously under mild 2% isoflurane anaesthesia on day 4. Average values from day 4 to 1 were considered as baseline body temperature.

The microbiota composition was assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing in N=8 rats/group. Repeated faecal samples were collected on day 0, 4, 7 and 10 and stored at 80C until analysis. Sample preparation (including DNA extraction, PCR amplification, library preparation), quality control, sequencing and analyses were all performed by Novogene (please see supplementary methods for full description).

All data (excluding 16S data) were analysed in GraphPad Prism (v8.0. Repeated measures across multiple groups were assessed by mixed-effect models with appropriate post-hoc analyses. Terminal data analyses were assessed by one-way ANOVA. Statistical analyses are outlined in figure legends and P<0.05 was considered significant.

This Phase IIA trial (AFFECT-1: NCT03233776, 17/6/2017) aimed to i) assess the safety of anakinra in autologous HSCT recipients undergoing conditioning with HDM, and ii) determine the maximum tolerated dose of anakina (100, 200 or 300mg).

This study was approved by the ethical committee Nijmegen-Arnhem (NL59679.091.16; EudraCT 2016-004,419-11) and performed in accordance with (a) theDeclaration of Helsinki (1964, amended October 2013), (b) Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act and c) Good Clinical Practice guidelines.We enrolled patients from Radboud University Medical Centre who were at least 18years of age and were scheduled to undergo an autologous HSCT after receiving conditioning with HDM (200mg/m2) for multiple myeloma. All participants provided informed consent. Important exclusion criteria were active infections, a history of tuberculosis or positive Quantiferon, glomular filtration rate<40ml/min, and colonization with highly resistant micro-organisms or with gram-negative bacteria resistant to ciprofloxacin.

Patients were involved in the design of the AFFECT trials, through involvement of Hematon, a patient organization for patients with hemato-oncological diseases in the Netherlands. The project plan, including trial materials, have been presented to patient experts from Hematon. They have given their advice on the project, and provided input on the design of the study as well as on patient information. Patients will also be involved in the dissemination of the results of the AFFECT trials. Information on both the design as well as the outcome of the AFFECT trials is and/or will be available on websites specifically aimed at patients, such as the Dutch website kanker.nl.

Conforming with routine clinical practice and care, study participants were admitted at day 3, treated with melphalan 200mg/m2 at day 2, and received their autologous HSCT at day 0. They were treated with IL-1RA anakinra (Kineret, SOBI) intravenously once daily from day 2 up until day+12.

A traditional 3+3 design was used (Fig. S1), in which the first cohort of patients was treated with 100mg, the next cohort with 200mg and the third cohort with 300mg of anakinra. In this study design, the cohort is expanded when dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) occur. The primary study endpoint was safety, using the common toxicity criteria (CTCAE) version 4.050, as well as the maximum tolerated dose of anakinra (MTD; 100, 200 or 300mg). DLTs were defined as the occurrence of (1) an infection due to an opportunistic pathogen (including Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, mycobacterial infections and invasive mould disease), (2) a suspected unexpected serious adverse reaction (SUSAR), (3) severe non-hematological toxicity grade 34 (meaning toxicity that does not commonly occur in the treatment with HDM and HSCT, or that is more severe than is to be expected with standard treatment) and (4) primary graft failure or prolonged neutropenia (neutrophils have not been>0.5109/l on one single day, assessed on day+21, and counting from day 0).

Secondary endpoints included: incidence of fever during neutropenia (defined as a tympanic temperature38.5C and an absolute neutrophil count (ANC)<0.5109/l, or expected to fall below 0.5109/l in the next 48h), CRP levels, intestinal mucositis as measured by (the AUC of) citrulline, clinical mucositis as determined by daily mouth and gut scores, incidence and type of BSI, short term overall survival (100days and 1year after HSCT), length of hospital stay in days and use of systemic antimicrobial agents, analgesic drugs and total parenteral nutrition (incidence and duration).

Patients received standard antimicrobial prophylaxis including ciprofloxacin and valacyclovir, as well as antifungal prophylaxis (fluconazole) on indication; i.e. established mucosal colonization. Upon occurrence of fever during neutropenia, empirical treatment with ceftazidime was started. The use of therapies to prevent or treat mucositis (i.e. oral cryotherapy) was prohibited. Also, treatment with acetaminophen or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was not allowed during hospital admission. All other supportive care treatments (i.e. morphine, antiemetics, transfusions, TPN) were allowed.

Laboratory analysis was performed three times a week, which included hematological and chemistry panels and plasma collection for citrulline analysis. Blood cultures were drawn daily from day+4 up until day+12, which was halted upon occurrence of fever. Outside this period, conforming to standard of care, blood cultures were drawn twice weekly and in occurrence of fever. Conforming standard of care, surveillance cultures of mucosal barriers were obtained twice weekly.

Plasma was longitudinally collected from participants throughout the study period for the evaluation of cytokines using the Meso Scale Discovery Customised U-Plex 9-analyte panel following manufacturers guidelines (IL-1/, IL-1RA, CXCL1, TNF, IL-10, IL-17, IL-6, GM-CSF). 16S sequencing was performed by Novogene (as per preclinical analysis methodology).

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Supporting the gastrointestinal microenvironment during high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation by inhibiting IL-1 signaling with...

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Worlds 1st Focused Ultrasound Cancer Immunotherapy Center LaunchedUVA Health and the Charlottesville-based Focused Ultrasound Center today announced the launch of theFocused Ultrasound Cancer Immunotherapy Center, the worlds first center dedicated specifically to advancing a focused ultrasound and cancer immunotherapy treatment approach that could revolutionize 21st-century cancer care.

A Study by the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Investigates Mercury Contamination in Freshwater Lakes in KoreaDuring the 1950s and 1960s, Minamata Bay in Japan was the site of widespread mercury poisoning caused by the consumption of fish containing methylmercurya toxic form of mercury that is synthesized when bacteria react with mercury released in water.

Researchers identify possible new target to treat newborns suffering from lack of oxygen or blood flow in the brainThe condition, known as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), can result in severe brain damage, which is why researchers at theCase Western Reserve University School of Medicineand UH Rainbow Babies & Childrens Hospital (UH Rainbow) are studying the condition to evaluate how HIE is treated and develop new, more effective options.

Should You Give Your Child Opioids for Post-Operative Pain Management?Routine head and neck procedures, such as removal of tonsils and adenoids and the placement of ear tubes, may cause moderate to severe pain in pediatric patients.

Two birds with one stone: a refined bioinformatic analysis can estimate gene copy-number variations from epigenetic dataA team led by Dr. Manel Esteller, Director of the Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, has improved the computational identification of potentially druggable gene amplifications in tumors, from epigenetic data.

Some Shunts Used After Epilepsy Surgery May Risk Chronic HeadachesSurgeons who observe persistent fluid buildup after disconnecting epileptic and healthy brain areas should think twice before installing low-pressure nonprogrammable drainage shunts, according to a study coauthored by Rutgers pediatric and epilepsy neurosurgeonYasunori Nagahamathat found chronic headaches could result from these procedures.

Re-defining the selection of surgical procedure in sufferers with tuberous sclerosis complicatedBy illustrating a number of instances of tuberous sclerosis in sufferers whove undergone surgical resection with seizure-free outcomes, researchers have recognized components that decide choice of sufferers for profitable surgical procedure.

Scientists study links between obesity, age and body chemistryA team of Clemson University scientists is making inroads in understanding the relationship between certain enzymes that are normally produced in the body and their role in regulating obesity and controlling liver diseases.

Clemson scientists discover new tools to fight potentially deadly protozoa that has pregnant women avoiding cat litter boxesNow, a group of researchers from Clemson University have discovered a promising therapy for those who suffer from toxoplasmosis, a disease caused by the microscopic protozoa Toxoplasma gondii.

Rising income inequality linked to Americans declining healthRising levels of income inequality in the United States may be one reason that the health of Americans has been declining in recent decades, new research suggests.

New research to understand how the brain handles optical illusions and makes predictionsNew research projects are underway at the Allen Institute to address these questions through OpenScope, the shared neuroscience observatory that allows scientists around the world to propose and direct experiments conducted on one of the Institutes high-throughput experimental platforms.

Robotic therapy: A new effective treatment for chronic stroke rehabilitationA study led by Dr. Takashi Takebayashi and published in the journal Stroke suggests continuing therapy for chronic stroke patients is still beneficial while suggesting a radical alternative.

Children with history of maltreatment could undergo an early maturation of the immune systemThe acute psychosocial stress states stimulate the secretion of an antibody type protein which is decisive in the first immune defence against infection, but only after puberty.

Toxoplasmosis: propagation of parasite in host cell stoppedA new method blocks the protein regulation of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and causes it to die off inside the host cell.

Research shows the role empathy may play in musicCan people who understand the emotions of others better interpret emotions conveyed through music? A new study by an international team of researchers suggests the abilities are linked.

Effects of stress on adolescent brains triple networkA new studyinBiological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, published by Elsevier, has used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the effects of acute stress and polyvicitimization, or repeated traumas, on three brain networks in adolescents.

Reform to Mental Health Act must prompt change in support for familiesFamily members of people with severe mental health challenges need greater support to navigate the UKs care system following changes announced in yesterdays Queens Speech, say the authors of a new study published in theBritish Journal of Social Work.

New knowledge about airborne virus particles could help hospitalsMeasurements taken by researchers at Lund University in Sweden of airborne virus in hospitals provide new knowledge about how best to adapt healthcare to reduce the risk of spread of infection.

Guidance developed for rare dancing eyes syndromeExperts from Evelina London Childrens Hospital developed the guidance in collaboration with a worldwide panel of experts and families of children with the condition.

Genetic study identifies migraine causes and promising therapeutic targetsQUT genetic researchers have found blood proteins that cause migraine and have a shared link with Alzheimers disease that could potentially be prevented by repurposing existing therapeutics.

How do genomes evolve between species? The key role of 3D structure in male germ cellsA study led by scientists at the UAB and University of Kent uncovers how the genome three-dimensional structure of male germ cells determines how genomes evolve over time.

Novel Supramolecular CRISPRCas9 Carrier Enables More Efficient Genome EditingRecently, a research team from Kumamoto University, Japan, have constructed a highly flexible CRISPR-Cas9 carrier using aminated polyrotaxane (PRX) that can not only bind with the unusual structure of Cas9 and carry it into cells, but can also protect it from intracellular degradation by endosomes.

Obesity, diabetes and high blood pressure increase mortality from COVID-19 especially among young and middle-aged peopleObesity, impaired blood glucose metabolism, and high blood pressure increase the risk of dying from COVID-19 in young and middle-aged people to a level mostly observed in people of advanced age.

Are most ORR electrocatalysts promising nanocatalytic medicines for tumor therapy?The current searches for medical catalysts mainly rely on trial-and-error protocols, due to the lack of theoretical guidance.

The combination makes the difference: New therapeutic approach against breast cancerResearchers at the University of Basel have now discovered an approach that involves a toxic combination with a second target gene in order to kill the abnormal cells.

Glatiramer acetate compatible with breastfeedingA study conducted by the neurology department of Ruhr-Universitt Bochum (RUB) at St. Josef Hospital on the drug glatiramer acetate can relieve mothers of this concern during the breastfeeding period.

A*STAR, NHCS, NUS And Novo Nordisk To Collaborate On Cardiovascular Disease ResearchThe Agency for Science, Technology and Researchs (A*STAR) Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS) and Bioinformatics Institute (BII), as well as the National Heart Centre Singapore (NHCS), National University of Singapore (NUS), and pharmaceutical company Novo Nordisk have signed an agreement to study the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease progressionespecially the condition called heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).

Taking ownership of your healthA study published this month inAge and Ageing by The Japan Collaborate Cohort (JACC) Study group at Osaka University assessed the impact of modifying lifestyle behaviors on life expectancy from middle age onwards.

Experimental evolution illustrates gene bypass process for mitosisResearchers from Nagoya University demonstrated gene bypass events for mitosis using evolutionary repair experiments.

Temporomandibular Disorder-Induced Pain Likely to Worsen in Late Menopause TransitionNew study evaluates the influence of menopause symptoms on the intensity of temporomandibular disorder-induced pain throughout the full menopause transition.

Breathtaking solution for a breathless problemA drop in oxygen levels, even when temporary, can be critical to brain cells. This explains why the brain is equipped with oxygen sensors. Researchers from Japan and the United States report finding a new oxygen sensor in the mouse brain.

How calming our spinal cords could provide relief from muscle spasmsAn Edith Cowan University (ECU) studyinvestigating motoneurons in the spine has revealed two methods can make our spinal cords less excitable and could potentially be usedto treat muscle spasms.

Analysis Finds Government Websites Downplay PFAS Health RisksState and federal public health agencies often understate the scientific evidence surrounding the toxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in their public communications, according toan analysispublished today in the journalEnvironmental Health.

Multiple diagnoses are the norm with mental illness; new genetic study explains whyThe study, published this weekin the journalNature Genetics, found that while there is no gene or set of genes underlying risk for all of them, subsets of disordersincluding bipolar disorder and schizophrenia; anorexia nervosa and obsessive-compulsive disorder; and major depression and anxietydo share a common genetic architecture.

Drinkers sex plus brewing method may be key to coffees link to raised cholesterolThe sex of the drinker as well as the brewing method may be key to coffees link with raised cholesterol, a known risk factor for heart disease, suggests research published in the open access journalOpen Heart.

Artificial cell membrane channels composed of DNA can be opened and locked with a keyIn new research, Arizona State University professorHao Yan, along with ASU colleagues and international collaborators from University College London describe the design and construction of artificial membrane channels, engineered using short segments of DNA.

Single cell RNA sequencing uncovers new mechanisms of heart diseaseResearchers at the Hubrecht Institute have now successfully applied a new revolutionary technology (scRNA-seq) to uncover underlying disease mechanisms, including specifically those causing the swelling.

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Other Notable Health Studies & Research From May 11, 2022 - Study Finds

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WIN: A beauty box of dreams valued at R3000

Winters whispers are quickly reaching a crescendo, and that means giving your skin and glam routine a big, warm hug. Finding what products work for you can be a painstaking and expensive task. So, weve put together a fabulous Beauty Box full of goodies just for you.

With the help of expert local beauty Editor, Jade Smith, the Beauty Box has been curated with nothing short of the best products. It contains nine items that, together, are valued at R3 000.

Jade Smith is the beauty brain behind some of South Africas most adored magazines, including Woman&Home, and has over 20 years of experience in the industry. She started her career as a make-up artist and has worked on many international campaigns in London and Europe, including work for iconic brands like Tom Ford and Dove. Every product is personally tried and tested and selected by Jade and only the best makes it into the box.

In sharing a little warmth this winter, Cape {town} Etc is giving away three Beauty Boxes to three lucky winners. Get ready to glow all season long.

1. Afari Overnight Regenerating Cream 50ml

A luxurious overnight skin-repairing cream loaded with potent ingredients to help skin look renewed by morning. It helps to boost natural collagen production and speed up cell turnover for bouncier, smoother skin.

This brand is proudly South African, free from nasties, and cruelty-free.

Explore more onwww.afari.co.zaor@afariskincare

2. SKOON Happy Flora Face Moisturiser 15ml

Join the good bacteria movement and re-balance your skins microbiome. Made with Swiss yoghurt and Quora Noni an active ingredient derived from plant stem cells that help to control bacteria.

This brand is proudly South African, free from nasties, and cruelty-free.

Explore more onwww.skoonskin.comor@skoonskin

3. Gatineau Defi Lift 3D Firming Neck & Dcollet Gel 15ml

A gel formula formulated to help tighten skin and visibly firm the delicate neck and dcollet area thanks to Plant Proteins, encapsulated Hyaluronic Acid and Fixlift technology.

Tip: Use gentle, upward strokes all the way up to the jawline using your hands or your favourite stone roller.

Explore more onwww.gatineau.comor@gatineau_sa

4. Rimmel WonderLuxe Volume Mascara in Black

This mascara promises to give lashes full-bodied volume without looking clumpy or weighing lashes down. It also includes Argan, Maracuja, Marula and Calmellia oils to nourish and protect lashes.

Ophthalmologist tested it, which means its safe for contact lens wearers too.

Explore more onwww.rimmellondon.com/en-zaor@rimmellondonsa

5. Berdoues Azur Riviera 10ml

It can be tricky to find your signature scent, which is why its best to test it first. This one is fresh and clean, perfect for both you and your partner, with marine and aquatic notes softened with Orange Blossom and Jasmine at the heart.

Explore more onwww.berdoues.comor@berdouesgrandscrussa

6. BIODERMA Photoderm AKN Mat Sunscreen Cream SPF 30

A mattifying sun protection fluid thats lighter than air and ideal for all skin types. Furthermore, it helps to prevent the appearance of blemishes while protecting against cellular damage, shielding against UVA and UVB, and free radicals.

Explore more onwww.bioderma.co.zaor@biodermasouthafrica

7. Litchi & Titch Mini Aromatherapy Serum

Made with essential oils and botanical extracts of the highest quality, this blend is made with calmness and serenity in mind. Neroli, Grapefruit and Chamomile are heroed, and the formula is suitable for all skin types.

Tip: Apply 5 to 7 drops of the serum and press onto the skin after misting or dampening skin slightly, then cup your hands over your nose and breathe in to set a calming mood.

This brand is proudly South African, free from nasties, and cruelty-free.

Explore more onwww.litchiandtitchnaturals.comor@litchiandtitchnaturals

8. NUXE rve de miel Face & Body Gel 100ml

An ultra-rich cleansing gel using natural active ingredients such as honey, coconut and sunflower. The formula is gentle, yet effective enough to be used on your face and body, and is especially suitable for dry and sensitive skin.

Tip: Thanks to the deliciously rich and creamy texture, it works wonderfully for shaving.

Explore more onwww.nuxe.comor@nuxe_sa

9. Skin Republic Wrinkle Smooth Complex Sheet Mask

A biodegradable sheet mask packed with Adenosine, Green Tea and Plant Stem Cells was chosen for their skin-firming and texture-smoothing powers.

Explore more onwww.theskinrepublic.co.zaor@skinrepublic

To enter, fill in your details and answer the question below:

*Winners will be announced Monday 15 May 2022.

*Hint: All entrants can expect some exciting news on Monday 15 May 2022.

Question: Which item in the Beauty Box are you most excited to try?

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WIN: A beauty box of dreams valued at R3000 - CapeTown ETC

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The new multi-organ chip has the size of a glass microscope slide and allows the culture of up to four human engineered tissues, whose location and number can be tailored to the question being asked. These tissues are connected by vascular flow, but the presence of a selectively permeable endothelial barrier maintains their tissue-specific niche. Credit: Kacey Ronaldson-Bouchard/Columbia Engineering

Major advance from Columbia Engineering team demonstrates the first multi-organ chip made of engineered human tissues linked by vascular flow for improved modeling of systemic diseases like cancer.

Engineered tissues have become an essential component for modeling diseases and testing the efficacy and safety of drugs in a human context. A key hurdle for researchers has been figuring how to model body functions and systemic diseases with multiple engineered tissues that can physiologically communicate just like they do in the body. However, it is essential to provide each engineered tissue with its own environment so that the specific tissue phenotypes can be maintained for weeks to months, as required for biological and biomedical studies. Making the challenge even more complex is the necessity of linking the tissue modules together to facilitate their physiological communication, which is required for modeling conditions that involve more than one organ system, without sacrificing the individual engineered tissue environments.

Up to now, no one has been able to meet both conditions. Today, a team of researchers from Columbia Engineering and Columbia University Irving Medical Center reports that they have developed a model of human physiology in the form of a multi-organ chip consisting of engineered human heart, bone, liver, and skin that are linked by vascular flow with circulating immune cells, to allow recapitulation of interdependent organ functions. The researchers have essentially created a plug-and-play multi-organ chip, which is the size of a microscope slide, that can be customized to the patient. Because disease progression and responses to treatment vary greatly from one person to another, such a chip will eventually enable personalized optimization of therapy for each patient. The study is the cover story of the April 2022 issue of the journal Nature Biomedical Engineering.

In our study, we cultured liver, heart, bone, and skin, connected by vascular flow for four weeks. These tissues can be generated from a single human induced pluripotent stem cell, generating a patient-specific chip, a great model for individualized studies of human disease and drug testing. Credit: Keith Yeager/Columbia Engineering

This is a huge achievement for usweve spent ten years running hundreds of experiments, exploring innumerable great ideas, and building many prototypes, and now at last weve developed this platform that successfully captures the biology of organ interactions in the body, said the project leader Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic, University Professor and the Mikati Foundation Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Sciences, and Dental Medicine.

Taking inspiration from how the human body works, the team has built a human tissue-chip system in which they linked matured heart, liver, bone, and skin tissue modules by recirculating vascular flow, allowing for interdependent organs to communicate just as they do in the human body. The researchers chose these tissues because they have distinctly different embryonic origins, structural and functional properties, and are adversely affected by cancer treatment drugs, presenting a rigorous test of the proposed approach.

The tissues cultured in the multi-organ chip (skin, heart, bone, liver, and endothelial barrier from left to right) maintained their tissue-specific structure and function after being linked by vascular flow. Credit: Kacey Ronaldson-Bouchard/Columbia Engineering

Providing communication between tissues while preserving their individual phenotypes has been a major challenge, said Kacey Ronaldson-Bouchard, the studys lead author and an associate research scientist in Vunjak-Novakovics Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering. Because we focus on using patient-derived tissue models we must individually mature each tissue so that it functions in a way that mimics responses you would see in the patient, and we dont want to sacrifice this advanced functionality when connecting multiple tissues. In the body, each organ maintains its own environment, while interacting with other organs by vascular flow carrying circulating cells and bioactive factors. So we chose to connect the tissues by vascular circulation, while preserving each individual tissue niche that is necessary to maintain its biological fidelity, mimicking the way that our organs are connected within the body.

The group created tissue modules, each within its optimized environment and separated them from the common vascular flow by a selectively permeable endothelial barrier. The individual tissue environments were able to communicate across the endothelial barriers and via vascular circulation. The researchers also introduced into the vascular circulation the monocytes giving rise to macrophages, because of their important roles in directing tissue responses to injury, disease, and therapeutic outcomes.

All tissues were derived from the same line of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), obtained from a small sample of blood, in order to demonstrate the ability for individualized, patient-specific studies. And, to prove the model can be used for long-term studies, the team maintained the tissues, which had already been grown and matured for four to six weeks, for an additional four weeks, after they were linked by vascular perfusion.

The researchers also wanted to demonstrate how the model could be used for studies of an important systemic condition in a human context and chose to examine the adverse effects of anticancer drugs. They investigated the effects of doxorubicin a broadly used anticancer drug on heart, liver, bone, skin, and vasculature. They showed that the measured effects recapitulated those reported from clinical studies of cancer therapy using the same drug.

The team developed in parallel a novel computational model of the multi-organ chip for mathematical simulations of drugs absorption, distribution, metabolism, and secretion. This model correctly predicted doxorubicins metabolism into doxorubicinol and its diffusion into the chip. The combination of the multi-organ chip with computational methodology in future studies of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of other drugs provides an improved basis for preclinical to clinical extrapolation, with improvements in the drug development pipeline.

While doing that, we were also able to identify some early molecular markers of cardiotoxicity, the main side-effect that limits the broad use of the drug. Most notably, the multi-organ chip predicted precisely the cardiotoxicity and cardiomyopathy that often require clinicians to decrease therapeutic dosages of doxorubicin or even to stop the therapy, said Vunjak-Novakovic.

The development of the multi-organ chip began from a platform with the heart, liver, and vasculature, nicknamed the HeLiVa platform. As is always the case with Vunjak-Novakovics biomedical research, collaborations were critical for completing the work. These include the collective talent of her laboratory, Andrea Califano and his systems biology team (Columbia University), Christopher S. Chen (Boston University) and Karen K. Hirschi (University of Virginia) with their expertise in vascular biology and engineering, Angela M. Christiano and her skin research team (Columbia University), Rajesh K. Soni of the Proteomics Core at Columbia University, and the computational modeling support of the team at CFD Research Corporation.

The research team is currently using variations of this chip to study, all in individualized patient-specific contexts: breast cancer metastasis; prostate cancer metastasis; leukemia; effects of radiation on human tissues; the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on heart, lung, and vasculature; the effects of ischemia on the heart and brain; and the safety and effectiveness of drugs. The group is also developing a user-friendly standardized chip for both academic and clinical laboratories, to help utilize its full potential for advancing biological and medical studies.

Vunjak-Novakovic added, After ten years of research on organs-on-chips, we still find it amazing that we can model a patients physiology by connecting millimeter sized tissues the beating heart muscle, the metabolizing liver, and the functioning skin and bone that are grown from the patients cells. We are excited about the potential of this approach. Its uniquely designed for studies of systemic conditions associated with injury or disease, and will enable us to maintain the biological properties of engineered human tissues along with their communication. One patient at a time, from inflammation to cancer!

Reference: A multi-organ chip with matured tissue niches linked by vascular flow by Kacey Ronaldson-Bouchard, Diogo Teles, Keith Yeager, Daniel Naveed Tavakol, Yimu Zhao, Alan Chramiec, Somnath Tagore, Max Summers, Sophia Stylianos, Manuel Tamargo, Busub Marcus Lee, Susan P. Halligan, Erbil Hasan Abaci, Zongyou Guo, Joanna Jackw, Alberto Pappalardo, Jerry Shih, Rajesh K. Soni, Shivam Sonar, Carrie German, Angela M. Christiano, Andrea Califano, Karen K. Hirschi, Christopher S. Chen, Andrzej Przekwas and Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic, 27 April 2022, Nature Biomedical Engineering.DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00882-6

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Plug-and-Play Human Organ-on-a-Chip Can Be Customized to the Patient - SciTechDaily

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In a new set of firsts for Barbie, the latest in its most diverse and inclusive doll line yet will include a Barbie with hearing aids and a Ken doll with vitiligo, a condition where skin loses its pigment cells.

Mattels global head of Barbie Dolls, Lisa McKnight, said in a statement: Its important for kids to see themselves reflected in product and to encourage play with dolls that dont resemble them, to help them understand and celebrate the importance of inclusion.

Mattel said it worked alongside Dr Jen Richardson, a practitioner in educational audiology, to accurately model behind-the-ear devices for the doll.

Im honored to have worked with Barbie to create an accurate reflection of a doll with behind-the-ear hearing aids, Richardson said. As an educational audiologist with over 18 years of experience working in hearing loss advocacy, its inspiring to see those who experience hearing loss reflected in a doll.

Im beyond thrilled for my young patients to see and play with a doll who looks like them.

The 2022 Fashionistas line, out next month, will also feature a Barbie with a prosthetic leg, a Barbie who uses a wheelchair, and male dolls that are thinner and less muscular.

Barbie has described its upcoming 175-look collection as its most diverse and inclusive doll line, offering a variety of skin tones, eye colors, hair colors and textures, body types, disabilities, and fashions, to inspire even more stories.

In recent years, Barbie has launched more inclusive doll lines including one inspired by real-life women who have upended societal norms. In 2017, Barbie released a doll wearing a hijab, modelled after Ibtihaj Muhammad, a fencer who became the first American to compete and win an Olympic medal wearing the garment.

Last year, Barbie launched a set of dolls that honoured Covid workers including vaccinologists, nurses and paramedics.

One of the dolls is modelled after Dame Sarah Gilbert, the co-creator of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine.

I am passionate about inspiring the next generation of girls into Stem careers and hope that children who see my Barbie will realise how vital careers in science are to help the world around us, Gilbert told the Guardian.

My wish is that my doll will show children careers they may not be aware of, like a vaccinologist.

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Barbie unveils first doll with hearing aid as part of inclusivity push - The Guardian US

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All thalassemia patients need timely supply of safe blood for regular blood transfusion

There are 270 million Thalassemia patients in the world, yet India is called the Thalassemia capital because the country has the largest number of children suffering from this inherited blood disorder that causes the body to have less hemoglobin than normal.

More than 10,000 children are born in India with Thalassemia every year. According to World Health Organization, four million Indians are thalassemia carriers, while more than 1,00,000 are the actual patients battling the disease. Parents, who are usually asymptomatic, are the carriers of Thalassemia, and have a 25% chance of passing the disease to their children.

Even though thalassemia affects millions of people in the world, not many are aware about this condition. Early symptoms include fatigue, weakness, bone deformities (especially in the face), pale appearance or yellowish skin tone, slow growth rate, lowered immunity levels, and iron overload.

Due to financial barriers and lack of access to treatment, many young patients in India do not survive into adulthood. One of the major challenges is the lack of adequate pre-natal diagnosis facilities for Thalassemia, especially in rural areas. To manage the disease, patients need to take regular blood transfusions lifelong, along with iron chelation to treat iron overload in the body. These are very taxing procedures for young children that strain their health.

All Thalassemia patients need timely supply of safe blood for regular blood transfusion. It is not a permanent solution and is quite a painful process for a child. The annual requirement of packed red cells for Thalassemia patients is about 2 million units in India. Although patient organizations and regional blood banks have been working relentlessly towards fulfilling this requirement, the demand is significantly more than the current supply. Lot of families have to struggle month after month in making packed cells available for their children.

Repeated packed red cell transfusions lead to iron overload in patients. Excess iron gets deposited in organs like liver, heart and endocrine glands. This iron overload is usually the cause of death in the second or third decade of life. These patients need to be on medications to remove the extra iron from their bodies to ensure a normal life span for them. Yet, in spite of freely available drugs, less than 10% of Thalassemia patients are adequately chelated in India. Factors like ignorance, poor compliance and, more importantly, unaffordability are major reasons for poor chelation in Thalassemia patients.

Thalassemia is a multi-system problem. In addition to regular blood transfusion and iron chelation, the disease needs to be managed by a multidisciplinary team that should have hematologist, endocrinologist, cardiologist, nutritionist, nurse practitioner, etc. to provide holistic care. There are hardly any comprehensive centers for thalassemia care in India.

However, there is some good news too. With advances in the medical field, thalassemia major, once considered a cumbersome disease with lifelong blood transfusions, iron overload and limited lifespan, has seen a shift in the last decade with blood stem cell transplant, the only curative treatment option available for thalassemia.

Recent data shows 85-90% success rate of stem cell marrow transplantation in patients who have HLA matched stem cell donor. In a blood stem cell transplant, stem cells are collected from blood of the donors and transplanted into the thalassemia patient after their bone marrow has been destroyed by radiation or chemotherapy. Only 30% patients who need transplants have a fully HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) matched donor in their family, rest of them depend on an unrelated donor.

Patients and donors of Indian origin have unique HLA characteristics that are severely under-represented in the global database, which makes the probability of finding a suitable donor even more difficult. Indian patients mainly require an Indian tissue match. This calls for increased awareness and need to encourage people in India to register as a potential blood stem cell donor.

Registering as a potential donor is an easy process which can be done through online portal of a stem cell registry such as DKMS BMST Foundation India. Once you sign-up, you will receive a DIY home swab kit to take your cheek swab samples and send it back to the registry! Once an individual comes up as a match for a blood cancer patient, blood stem cells from the individual are obtained from the bloodstream using a procedure called peripheral blood stem cell collection, which is similar to a blood platelet donation..

Source: WHO, GLOBOCAN and Ministry of Health

(Dr. Nitin Agarwal, MD, Transfusion Medicine, HOD, Donor Request Management, DKMS BMST Foundation India)

Disclaimer: This content including advice provides generic information only. It is in no way a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist or your own doctor for more information. NDTV does not claim responsibility for this information.

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World Thalassemia Day 2022: Why India Is The Thalassemia Capital Of The World - NDTV Doctor

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on World Thalassemia Day 2022: Why India Is The Thalassemia Capital Of The World – NDTV Doctor | May 13th, 2022

Spring has arrived in Gothenburg, and the Cline is excited to bring you some exciting news and updates from our team

The first stage of Ex-vivo testing completed

Early this month, Cline announced that the first stage of our ex-vivo experiments was carried out with encouraging performance. This newsletter will take a deeper look at what's happening in our labs and what these tests mean for StemCART.

These experiments, which began in January 2022, are an important milestone for the StemCART project and will push the project into the next development stage. In these tests, Cline has several aims; 1) demonstrate that the matrix developed by Cline successfully functions, 2) the successful differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into functional chondrocytes (cartilage cells), and 3) to show induced healing of the injured cartilage tissue.

To achieve this, Cline has been collaborating with orthopedic surgeons and a hospital to collect cartilage tissue from patients undergoing surgery. Cline then takes this tissue from the hospital to our cell labs. At the lab we induce an artificial cartilage damage to mimic joint injuries before implanting the cells and matrix together at the injury site.

In this first stage of testing, the supporting matrix demonstrated the expected functionality in successfully fixing cells to the area of interest.

Read more about this in our latest press release or where Cline was recently featured on ORTHOWORLD.

Next steps for StemCART

The ex-vivo tests continues and Cline will carry out at least 24 further experiments in several stages. The results from these will be communicated after the completion of each stage. The upcoming stage of 10 experiments will test a higher cell concentration and focus on determining the functionality of the chondrocytes. Testing will also be expanded to include tissue of different cartilage origin, such as knee, shoulder, and hip.

StemCART's ultimate vision is as a cell-based Advanced Therapy Medical Product (ATMP) that will revolutionize the treatment of cartilage damage by providing patients with new functional cartilage and curing the condition, thus eliminating pain. StemCART provides several advantages over other therapy strategies such as autologous chondrocytes implantation and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in that it provides reparative cartilage to the joint, and that an allogeneic cell source has much better scalability.

As part of the journey to this goal, Cline will continue preparing for in-human clinical trials, including scaling up production in a GMP facility together with partners, developing QA/QC methods, as well as the necessary safety testing and documentation for a clinical trial application. Cline has begun this work by evaluating different development and manufacturing options and engaging in regulatory pathway strategic planning activities.

Cline envisions out-licensing StemCART to a commercial partner following successful phase I trials. The process to identify and engage potential partners is ongoing, with the aim of generating interest in the commercialization of StemCART.

Exciting industry news and developments

2022 has already been an exciting year in the world of stem cell-based therapy and cartilage repair, showing the increasing interest and potential paradigm shift towards cell-based treatment. For example in the MSC segment, the Lund-based company Xintela recently began its first-in-human clinical trial for mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in knee osteoarthritis (OA). Similarly, Cynata Therapeutics, working with iPSC-derived MSCs to treat knee OA, together with Fujifilm Cellular Dynamics, is currently conducting a large phase III trial. For more insights into the current landscape of cartilage repair treatments and current status of new cell-based treatments, you can read Cline Scientific's latest publication, "Insights into the present and future of cartilage regeneration and joint repair," available at https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms/special_issues/Cartilage_Repair.

Another leap forward for iPSC-derived tissue therapy is the conclusion of a world-first clinical trial, showing that implanting iPSC-derived corneal tissue into four nearly blind patients was safe and effective. The team from Osaka University used iPS cells to create the cornea tissue, which caused improvement of symptoms and eyesight and did not lead to any rejection or tumorigenicity.

Finally, in related orthopedic industry news, Bioventus acquired its partner CartiHeal for up to 450M USD. CartiHeal is an orthopedic device company that has developed the cartilage repair implant Agili-C, which was recently approved by the FDA. Agili-C is a cell-free scaffold implant for cartilage and osteochondral defects caused by either osteoarthritis or trauma.

We look forward to continuing to share Cline's journey in future newsletters!

Warmest regards,

The Cline Team

Click hereto subscribe to future newsletters and press releases.https://news.cision.com/cline/SubscriptionRegistrationDialog

Cline Scientific AB (publ) Telefon: 031-387 55 55Argongatan 2 C E-post: info@clinescientific.com431 53 MLNDAL Hemsida: http://www.clinescientific.com

About Cline ScientificCline Scientific develops advanced cancer diagnostics and regenerative medicine treatments. The company is working heavily with R&D through joint collaborations with pharmaceutical companies and academic researchers around the world. The focus is on projects in the cancer diagnostic and stem cell therapy fields since Clines nanotechnology here provides unmet solutions to critical challenges and functions. The unique patented surface nanotechnology is used in cell-based products and processes to drive projects within Life Science into and through the clinical phase.

https://news.cision.com/cline/r/newsletter-april-2022---progress-in-cline-s-cell-lab-and-in-the-stem-cell-therapy-field,c3555837

https://mb.cision.com/Main/12114/3555837/1571081.pdf

(c) 2022 Cision. All rights reserved., source Press Releases - English

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Newsletter April 2022 - Progress in Cline's cell lab and in the stem cell therapy field - Marketscreener.com

IPS Cell Therapy Comments Off on Newsletter April 2022 – Progress in Cline’s cell lab and in the stem cell therapy field – Marketscreener.com | April 29th, 2022

Stem Cell Investig. 2019; 6: 19.

1Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;

2Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran;

2Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran;

3Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

1Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;

2Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran;

3Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: E Fathi, R Farahzadi; (II) Administrative support: E Fathi, R Farahzadi; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: None; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: R Farahzadi, N Rajabzadeh; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: All authors; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

Received 2018 Nov 11; Accepted 2019 Mar 17.

Recent developments in the stem cell biology provided new hopes in treatment of diseases and disorders that yet cannot be treated. Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various cell types in the body during age. These provide new cells for the body as it grows, and replace specialized cells that are damaged. Since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be easily harvested from the adipose tissue and can also be cultured and expanded in vitro they have become a good target for tissue regeneration. These cells have been widespread used for cell transplantation in animals and also for clinical trials in humans. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of our current knowledge regarding the important and types of isolated stem cells from different sources of animal models such as horse, pig, goat, dog, rabbit, cat, rat, mice etc. In this regard, due to the widespread use and lot of attention of MSCs, in this review, we will elaborate on use of MSCs in veterinary medicine as well as in regenerative medicine. Based on the studies in this field, MSCs found wide application in treatment of diseases, such as heart failure, wound healing, tooth regeneration etc.

Keywords: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), animal model, cell-based therapy, regenerative medicine

Stem cells are one of the main cells of the human body that have ability to grow more than 200 types of body cells (1). Stem cells, as non-specialized cells, can be transformed into highly specialized cells in the body (2). In the other words, Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with self-renewal potential, differentiation into several types of cells and excessive proliferation (3). In the past, it was believed that stem cells can only differentiate into mature cells of the same organ. Today, there are many evidences to show that stem cells can differentiate into the other types of cell as well as ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. The numbers of stem cells are different in the tissues such as bone marrow, liver, heart, kidney, and etc. (3,4). Over the past 20 years, much attention has been paid to stem cell biology. Therefore, there was a profound increase in the understanding of its characteristics and the therapeutic potential for its application (5). Today, the utilization of these cells in experimental research and cell therapy represents in such disorders including hematological, skin regeneration and heart disease in both human and veterinary medicine (6).The history of stem cells dates back to the 1960s, when Friedenstein and colleagues isolated, cultured and differentiated to osteogenic cell lineage of bone marrow-derived cells from guinea pigs (7). This project created a new perspective on stem cell research. In the following, other researchers discovered that the bone marrow contains fibroblast-like cells with congenic potential in vitro, which were capable of forming colonies (CFU-F) (8). For over 60 years, transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has been the major curative therapy for several genetic and hematological disorders (9). Almost in 1963, Till and McCulloch described a single progenitor cell type in the bone marrow which expand clonally and give rise to all lineages of hematopoietic cells. This research represented the first characterization of the HSCs (10). Also, the identification of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in 1981 revolutionized the study of developmental biology, and mice are now used extensively as one of the best option to study stem cell biology in mammals (11). Nevertheless, their application a model, have limitations in the regenerative medicine. But this model, relatively inexpensive and can be easily manipulated genetically (12). Failure to obtain a satisfactory result in the selection of many mouse models, to recapitulate particular human disease phenotypes, has forced researchers to investigate other animal species to be more probably predictive of humans (13). For this purpose, to study the genetic diseases, the pig has been currently determined as one the best option of a large animal model (14).

Stem cells, based on their differentiation ability, are classified into different cell types, including totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, or unipotent. Also, another classification of these cells are based on the evolutionary stages, including embryonic, fetal, infant or umbilical cord blood and adult stem cells (15). shows an overview of stem cells classifications based on differentiation potency.

An overview of the stem cell classification. Totipotency: after fertilization, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) maintain the ability to form all three germ layers as well as extra-embryonic tissues or placental cells and are termed as totipotent. Pluripotency: these more specialized cells of the blastocyst stage maintain the ability to self-renew and differentiate into the three germ layers and down many lineages but do not form extra-embryonic tissues or placental cells. Multipotency: adult or somatic stem cells are undifferentiated cells found in postnatal tissues. These specialized cells are considered to be multipotent; with very limited ability to self-renew and are committed to lineage species.

Toti-potent cells have the potential for development to any type of cell found in the organism. In the other hand, the capacity of these cells to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of the embryo and into extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta is remarkable (15).

The pluripotent stem cells are kind of stem cells with the potential for development to approximately all cell types. These cells contain ESCs and cells that are isolated from the mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm germ layers that are organized in the beginning period of ESC differentiation (15).

The multipotent stem cells have less proliferative potential than the previous two groups and have ability to produce a variety of cells which limited to a germinal layer [such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)] or just a specific cell line (such as HSCs). Adult stem cells are also often in this group. In the word, these cells have the ability to differentiate into a closely related family of cells (15).

Despite the increasing interest in totipotent and pluripotent stem cells, unipotent stem cells have not received the most attention in research. A unipotent stem cell is a cell that can create cells with only one lineage differentiation. Muscle stem cells are one of the example of this type of cell (15). The word uni is derivative from the Latin word unus meaning one. In adult tissues in comparison with other types of stem cells, these cells have the lowest differentiation potential. The unipotent stem cells could create one cell type, in the other word, these cells do not have the self-renewal property. Furthermore, despite their limited differentiation potential, these cells are still candidates for treatment of various diseases (16).

ESCs are self-renewing cells that derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst and give rise to all cells during human development. It is mentioned that these cells, including human embryonic cells, could be used as suitable, promising source for cell transplantation and regenerative medicine because of their unique ability to give rise to all somatic cell lineages (17). In the other words, ESCs, pluripotent cells that can differentiate to form the specialized of the various cell types of the body (18). Also, ESCs capture the imagination because they are immortal and have an almost unlimited developmental potential. Due to the ethical limitation on embryo sampling and culture, these cells are used less in research (19).

HSCs are multipotent cells that give rise to blood cells through the process of hematopoiesis (20). These cells reside in the bone marrow and replenish all adult hematopoietic lineages throughout the lifetime of the human and animal (21). Also, these cells can replenish missing or damaged components of the hematopoietic and immunologic system and can withstand freezing for many years (22).The mammalian hematopoietic system containing more than ten different mature cell types that HSCs are one of the most important members of this. The ability to self-renew and multi-potency is another specific feature of these cells (23).

Adult stem cells, as undifferentiated cells, are found in numerous tissues of the body after embryonic development. These cells multiple by cell division to regenerate damaged tissues (24). Recent studies have been shown that adult stem cells may have the ability to differentiate into cell types from various germ layers. For example, bone marrow stem cells which is derived from mesoderm, can differentiate into cell lineage derived mesoderm and endoderm such as into lung, liver, GI tract, skin, etc. (25). Another example of adult stem cells is neural stem cells (NSCs), which is derived from ectoderm and can be differentiate into another lineage such as mesoderm and endoderm (26). Therapeutic potential of adult stem cells in cell therapy and regenerative medicine has been proven (27).

For the first time in the late 1990s, CSCs were identified by John Dick in acute myeloid diseases. CSCs are cancerous cells that found within tumors or hematological cancers. Also, these cells have the characteristics of normal stem cells and can also give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample (28). There is an increasing evidence supporting the CSCs hypothesis. Normal stem cells in an adult living creature are responsible for the repair and regeneration of damaged as well as aged tissues (29). Many investigations have reported that the capability of a tumor to propagate and proliferate relies on a small cellular subpopulation characterized by stem-like properties, named CSCs (30).

Embryonic connective tissue contains so-called mesenchymes, from which with very close interactions of endoderm and ectoderm all other connective and hematopoietic tissues originate, Whereas, MSCs do not differentiate into hematopoietic cell (31). In 1924, Alexander A. Maxi mow used comprehensive histological detection to identify a singular type of precursor cell within mesenchyme that develops into various types of blood cells (32). In general, MSCs are type of cells with potential of multi-lineage differentiation and self-renewal, which exist in many different kinds of tissues and organs such as adipose tissue, bone marrow, skin, peripheral blood, fallopian tube, cord blood, liver and lung et al. (4,5). Today, stem cells are used for different applications. In addition to using these cells in human therapy such as cell transplantation, cell engraftment etc. The use of stem cells in veterinary medicine has also been considered. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of our current knowledge regarding the important and types of isolated stem cells from different sources of animal models such as horse, pig, goat, dog, rabbit, cat, rat, mice etc. In this regard, due to the widespread use and lot of attention of MSCs, in this review, we will elaborate on use of MSCs in veterinary medicine.

The isolation method, maintenance and culture condition of MSCs differs from the different tissues, these methods as well as characterization of MSCs described as (36). MSCs could be isolated from the various tissues such as adipose tissue, bone marrow, umbilical cord, amniotic fluid etc. (37).

Diagram for adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell isolation (3).

Diagram for bone marrow-derived MSCs isolation (33). MSC, mesenchymal stem cell.

Diagram for umbilical cord-derived MSCs isolation (34). MSC, mesenchymal stem cell.

Diagram for isolation of amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) (35).

Diagram for MSCs characterization (35). MSC, mesenchymal stem cell.

The diversity of stem cell or MSCs sources and a wide aspect of potential applications of these cells cause to challenge for selecting an appropriate cell type for cell therapy (38). Various diseases in animals have been treated by cell-based therapy. However, there are immunity concerns regarding cell therapy using stem cells. Improving animal models and selecting suitable methods for engraftment and transplantation could help address these subjects, facilitating eventual use of stem cells in the clinic. Therefore, for this purpose, in this section of this review, we provide an overview of the current as well as previous studies for future development of animal models to facilitate the utilization of stem cells in regenerative medicine (14). Significant progress has been made in stem cells-based regenerative medicine, which enables researchers to treat those diseases which cannot be cured by conventional medicines. The unlimited self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation potential to other types of cells causes stem cells to be frontier in regenerative medicine (24). More researches in regenerative medicine have been focused on human cells including embryonic as well as adult stem cells or maybe somatic cells. Today there are versions of embryo-derived stem cells that have been reprogrammed from adult cells under the title of pluripotent cells (39). Stem cell therapy has been developed in the last decade. Nevertheless, obstacles including unwanted side effects due to the migration of transplanted cells as well as poor cell survival have remained unresolved. In order to overcome these problems, cell therapy has been introduced using biocompatible and biodegradable biomaterials to reduce cell loss and long-term in vitro retention of stem cells.

Currently in clinical trials, these biomaterials are widely used in drug and cell-delivery systems, regenerative medicine and tissue engineering in which to prevent the long-term survival of foreign substances in the body the release of cells are controlled (40).

Today, the incidence and prevalence of heart failure in human societies is a major and increasing problem that unfortunately has a poor prognosis. For decades, MSCs have been used for cardiovascular regenerative therapy as one of the potential therapeutic agents (41). Dhein et al. [2006] found that autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation improves cardiac function in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy in a rabbit model. In one study, Davies et al. [2010] reported that transplantation of cord blood stem cells in ovine model of heart failure, enhanced the function of heart through improvement of right ventricular mass, both systolic and diastolic right heart function (42). In another study, Nagaya et al. [2005] found that MSCs dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), possibly by inducing angiogenesis and preventing cardial fibrosis. MSCs have a tremendous beneficial effect in cell transplantation including in differentiating cardiomyocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and providing anti-apoptotic as well angiogenic mediators (43). Roura et al. [2015] shown that umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (UCBMSCs) are envisioned as attractive therapeutic candidates against human disorders progressing with vascular deficit (44). Ammar et al., [2015] compared BMSCs with adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ADSCs). It was demonstrated that both BMSCs and ADSCs were equally effective in mitigating doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction through decreasing collagen deposition and promoting angiogenesis (45).

There are many advantages of small animal models usage in cardiovascular research compared with large animal models. Small model of animals has a short life span, which allow the researchers to follow the natural history of the disease at an accelerated pace. Some advantages and disadvantages are listed in (46).

Despite of the small animal model, large animal models are suitable models for studies of human diseases. Some advantages and disadvantages of using large animal models in a study protocol planning was elaborated in (47).

Chronic wound is one of the most common problem and causes significant distress to patients (48). Among the types of tissues that stem cells derived it, dental tissuederived MSCs provide good sources of cytokines and growth factors that promote wound healing. The results of previous studies showed that stem cells derived deciduous teeth of the horse might be a novel approach for wound care and might be applied in clinical treatment of non-healing wounds (49). However, the treatment with stem cells derived deciduous teeth needs more research to understand the underlying mechanisms of effective growth factors which contribute to the wound healing processes (50). This preliminary investigation suggests that deciduous teeth-derived stem cells have the potential to promote wound healing in rabbit excisional wound models (49). In the another study, Lin et al. [2013] worked on the mouse animal model and showed that ADSCs present a potentially viable matrix for full-thickness defect wound healing (51).

Many studies have been done on dental reconstruction with MSCs. In one study, Khorsand et al. [2013] reported that dental pulp-derived stem cells (DPSCs) could promote periodontal regeneration in canine model. Also, it was shown that canine DPSCs were successfully isolated and had the rapid proliferation and multi-lineage differentiation capacity (52). Other application of dental-derived stem cells is shown in .

Diagram for application of dental stem cell in dentistry/regenerative medicine (53).

As noted above, stem cells have different therapeutic applications and self-renewal capability. These cells can also differentiate into the different cell types. There is now a great hope that stem cells can be used to treat diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson and other serious diseases. In stem cell-based therapy, ESCs are essentially targeted to differentiate into functional neural cells. Today, a specific category of stem cells called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are being used and tested to generate functional dopamine neurons for treating Parkinson's disease of a rat animal model. In addition, NSC as well as MSCs are being used in neurodegenerative disorder therapies for Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, and stroke (54). Previous studies have shown that BMSCs could reduce brain amyloid deposition and accelerate the activation of microglia in an acutely induced Alzheimers disease in mouse animal model. Lee et al. [2009] reported that BMSCs can increase the number of activated microglia, which effective therapeutic vehicle to reduce A deposits in AD patients (55). In confirmation of previous study, Liu et al. [2015] showed that transplantation of BMSCs in brain of mouse model of Alzheimers disease cause to decrease in amyloid beta deposition, increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and improvements in social recognition (56). In addition of BMSCs, NSCs have been proposed as tools for treating neurodegeneration disease because of their capability to create an appropriate cell types which transplanted. kerud et al. [2001] demonstrated that NSCs efficiently express high level of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in vivo, suggesting a use of these cells in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinsons disease (57). In the following, Venkataramana et al. [2010] transplanted BMSCs into the sub lateral ventricular zones of seven Parkinsons disease patients and reported encouraging results (58).

The human body is fortified with specialized cells named MSCs, which has the ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types including, adipocyte, osteocyte, chondrocyte, neurons etc. In addition to mentioned properties, these cells can be easily isolated, safely transplanted to injured sites and have the immune regulatory properties. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies in animal models have successfully demonstrated the potential of MSCs for various diseases; however, the clinical outcomes are not very encouraging. Based on the studies in the field of stem cells, MSCs find wide application in treatment of diseases, such as heart failure, wound healing, tooth regeneration and etc. In addition, these cells are particularly important in the treatment of the sub-branch neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer and Parkinson.

The authors wish to thank staff of the Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

Funding: The project described was supported by Grant Number IR.TBZMED.REC.1396.1218 from the Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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Stem cell-based regenerative medicine - PMC

Cardiac Stem Cells Comments Off on Stem cell-based regenerative medicine – PMC | April 29th, 2022

The new report by Expert Market Research titled, Global Stem Cell Market Report and Forecast 2022-2027, gives an in-depth analysis of the globalstem cell market, assessing the market based on its segments like types, treatment types, applications and major regions. The report tracks the latest trends in the industry and studies their impact on the overall market. It also assesses the market dynamics, covering the key demand and price indicators, along with analysing the market based on the SWOT and Porters Five Forces models.

Request a free sample copy in PDF or view the report summary@https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/stem-cell-market/requestsample

The key highlights of the report include:

Market Overview (2017-2027)

The stem cell business is growing due to an increase in activities to use stem cells in regenerative treatments due to their medicinal qualities. The increasing use of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for the treatment of hereditary cardiac difficulties, neurological illnesses, and genetic diseases such as recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RBED) is driving the market forward.

Furthermore, because human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may reverse immunosuppression, they serve as a major source of cells for auto logic stem cell therapy, boosting the industrys expansion. Furthermore, the rising incentives provided by major businesses to deliver breakthrough stem cell therapies, as well as the increased use of modern resources and techniques in research and development activities (R&D), are propelling the stem cell market forward.

Because of increased research and development (R&D) in the United States and Canada, North America accounts for a significant portion of the overall stem cell business. Furthermore, the increased frequency of non-communicable chronic diseases such as cancer and Parkinsons disease, among others, is boosting the use of stem cell therapy, boosting the industrys growth. Furthermore, the regions stronghealthcaresector is improving access to innovative cell therapy treatments, assisting the regional stem cell industrys expansion. Aside from that, due to the rising use of regenerative treatments, the Asia Pacific area is predicted to rise rapidly. Furthermore, rising clinical trials are assisting market expansion due to low labour costs and the availability of raw materials in the region, contributing considerably to overall industry growth.

Industry Definition and Major Segments

A stem cell is a type of cell that has the ability to develop into a variety of cells, including brain cells and muscle cells. It can also help to repairtissuesthat have been injured. Because stem cells have the potential to treat a variety of non-communicable and chronic diseases, including Alzheimers and diabetes, theyre being used in medical and biotechnological research to repair tissue damage caused by diseases.

Explore the full report with the table of contents@https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/stem-cell-market

The major product types of stem cell are:

The market can be broadly categorised on the basis of its treatment types into:

Based on applications, the market is divided into:

The EMR report looks into the regional markets of stem cell-like:

Market Trends

The market is expected to rise due to increased research activity in regenerative medicine and biotechnology to personalise stem cell therapy. The usage of stem cells is predicted to increase as the need for treatment of common disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), grows among the growing geriatric population. Due to multiple error bars during research operations, it becomes extremely difficult to characterise cell products because each cell has unique properties. As a result, the integration of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and machine learning is accelerating. Artificial intelligence (AI) is being used to analyse images quickly, forecast cell functions, and classify tissues in order to identify cell products, which is expected to boost the market growth.

With the rising frequency of cancer and cancer-related research initiatives, blockchain technology is increasingly being used to collect and assimilate data in order to improve access to clinical outcomes and the latest advances. Blockchain can also help with data storage for patients while improving the cost-effectiveness of cord-blood banking for advanced research and development (R&D) purposes. In addition, the use of machine learning techniques to analyse photos and infer the relationship between cellular features is boosting the market growth. The increased interest in understanding cellular processes and identifying critical processes using deep learning is expected to move the stem cell business forward.

Latest News on Global Stem Cell Market@https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/pressrelease/global-stem-cell-market

Key Market Players

The major players in the market are Pluristem Therapeutics Inc., Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Cellular Engineering Technologies, Merck KGaA, Becton, Dickinson and Company, and STEMCELL Technologies Inc The report covers the market shares, capacities, plant turnarounds, expansions, investments and mergers and acquisitions, among other latest developments of these market players.

About Us:

Expert Market Research is a leading business intelligence firm, providing custom and syndicated market reports along with consultancy services for our clients. We serve a wide client base ranging from Fortune 1000 companies to small and medium enterprises. Our reports cover over 100 industries across established and emerging markets researched by our skilled analysts who track the latest economic, demographic, trade and market data globally.

At Expert Market Research, we tailor our approach according to our clients needs and preferences, providing them with valuable, actionable and up-to-date insights into the market, thus, helping them realize their optimum growth potential. We offer market intelligence across a range of industry verticals which include Pharmaceuticals, Food and Beverage, Technology, Retail, Chemical and Materials, Energy and Mining, Packaging and Agriculture.

Media Contact

Company Name: EMR Inc.Contact Person: Sofia Williams, Corporate Sales Specialist U.S.A.Email: sales@expertmarketresearch.comToll Free Number: +1-415-325-5166 | +44-702-402-5790Address: 30 North Gould Street, Sheridan, WY 82801, USACity: SheridanState: WyomingCountry: United StatesWebsite: https://www.expertmarketresearch.com

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*We at Expert Market Research always thrive to give you the latest information. The numbers in the article are only indicative and may be different from the actual report.

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Global Stem Cell Market To Be Driven By Increasing Activities To Use Stem Cells In Regenerative Medicines In The Forecast Period Of 2022-2027 ...

Cardiac Stem Cells Comments Off on Global Stem Cell Market To Be Driven By Increasing Activities To Use Stem Cells In Regenerative Medicines In The Forecast Period Of 2022-2027 … | April 29th, 2022

By Steve Gorman

(Reuters) The first all-private astronaut crew to fly aboard the International Space Station (ISS) headed for splashdown Monday off the coast of Florida, wrapping up a two-week mission that NASA has touted as a landmark in commercial spaceflight.

A SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule carrying the four-man team of Houston-based startup Axiom Space Inc began its return flight about 9 p.m. EDT Sunday (0100 Monday GMT) as it undocked from the space station orbiting about 250 miles (420 km) above Earth.

The Crew Dragon was expected to parachute into the Atlantic around 1 p.m. EDT on Monday (1700 GMT), capping a 16-hour ride home from orbit that had been postponed for several days because of unfavorable weather.

The multinational Axiom team was led by Spanish-born retired NASA astronaut Michael Lopez-Alegria, 63, the companys vice president for business development. His second-in-command was Larry Connor, 72, a technology entrepreneur and aerobatics aviator from Ohio designated the mission pilot.

Joining them as mission specialists were investor-philanthropist and former Israeli fighter pilot Eytan Stibbe, 64, and Canadian businessman and philanthropist Mark Pathy, 52.

Launched from NASAs Kennedy Space Center on April 8, they spent 15 days aboard the space station with the seven regular, government-paid ISS crew members: three American astronauts, a German astronaut and three Russian cosmonauts.

The ISS has hosted several wealthy space tourists from time to time over the years.

But the Axiom quartet was the first all-commercial team ever welcomed to the space station as working astronauts, bringing with them 25 science and biomedical experiments to conduct in orbit. The package included research on brain health, cardiac stem cells, cancer and aging, as well as a technology demonstration to produce optics using the surface tension of fluids in microgravity.

Axiom, NASA and SpaceX have hailed the mission as a milestone in the expansion of privately funded space-based commerce, constituting what industry insiders call the low-Earth orbit economy, or LEO economy for short.

It was the sixth human spaceflight for SpaceX in nearly two years, following four NASA astronaut missions to the ISS and the Inspiration 4 flight in September that sent an all-private crew into Earth orbit for the first time, though not to the space station.

SpaceX, the private rocket company founded by Tesla Inc electric carmaker CEO Elon Musk, has been hired to fly three more Axiom astronaut missions to ISS over the next two years. The price tag for such outings is high.

Axiom charges customers $50 million to $60 million per seat, according to Mo Islam, head of research for the investment firm Republic Capital, which holds stakes in both Axiom and SpaceX.

Axiom also was selected by NASA in 2020 to build a new commercial addition to the space station, which a U.S.-Russian-led consortium of 15 countries has operated for more than two decades. Plans call for the Axiom segment to eventually replace the ISS when the rest of the station is retired around 2030.

(Reporting by Steve Gorman in Los Angeles. Editing by Gerry Doyle)

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First all-private astronaut team aboard space station heads for splashdown - KFGO

Cardiac Stem Cells Comments Off on First all-private astronaut team aboard space station heads for splashdown – KFGO | April 29th, 2022

The change in the prevalence of HHD

At the global level, the prevalence of HHD increased by 137.91% from 7.82 million in 1990 to 19.60 million in 2019 (Fig.1A, Table S1). The prevalence rate went up year by year, while the ASPR was relatively stable (Fig. 1C). The ASPR was 233.77 (95% UI=170.52312.9) per 100,000 population in 2019, which increased slightly compared with that in 1990 with an EAPC of 0.17 (95% UI=0.150.18) (Fig. 1C, Tables S2 and S3). Compared with the ASPR trend of the female subjects (EAPC, 0.28, 95% UI=0.260.30), the trend of the male subjects was more stable during the study period (EAPC, 0.02, 95% UI=0.000.04, Table S3).

The global trend of hypertensive heart disease from 1990 to 2019. The number of prevalence (A), death (D), and DALY (G). The rate of prevalence (B), death (E), and DALY (H). Age-standardized rate of prevalence (C), death (F), and DALY (I). Dashed lines represent 95% uncertainty interval; DALY, disability adjusted life-year

HHD occurred mostly in people aged over 65 (Fig. S1A). We also found that the ASPR increased with age growth for both men and women in 1990 and 2019. The female prevalence rate was much higher than male in people aged over 80 during 2019, yet there was a similar prevalence rate for aged men and women in 1990 (Fig.2).

The gender-specific global prevalence, death, and DALY rate of hypertensive heart disease in 1990 and 2019. The vertical axis represents DALY, death, and prevalence rate (per 100,000 population). DALY, disability adjusted life-year

Among 25 GBD regions, top three regions with the highest prevalence cases were Asia, East Asia, and America. In addition, the three regions with the highest ASPR were East Asia (426.15, 95% UI=306.64574.76), Oceania (344.91, 95% UI=248.54477.87), and Southeast Asia (334.77, 95% UI=244.81451.58) (Table S4). At the national level, China carried the highest HHD prevalence, followed by the United States of America and India (Fig. S2A). The highest ASPR of HHD occurred in Cook Islands, Jordan, Kuwait and Seychelles (Fig. S2C).

A total of 1.16 (95% UI=0.861.28) million people were estimated to experience HHD associated deaths worldwide in 2019, which increased from 0.65 (95% UI=0.530.73) million death cases in 1990 (Table S1). The ASDR in females was 15.05 (95% UI=11.5117.09) per 100,000 population in 2019, which was moderately higher than that in males (14.95, 95% UI=10.3216.75) (Table S2). Although the number of HHD deaths grew up dramatically during 19902019, the trend of death rate was relatively stable and the global ASDR declined with a negative value of EAPC (0.74, 95% UI=-0.92--0.58) (Fig. 1D, E, and F, Table S3). Meanwhile, the male and female ASDR shared a similar trend (EAPC for men, 0.72, 95% UI=-0.95--0.50; EAPC for women, 0.79, 95% UI=-0.93--0.65).

For both men and women, age-specific distribution of death rate remained stable in 1990 and 2019 (Fig. 2). Like HHD prevalence, people aged over 65 were more likely to suffer HHD deaths (Fig. S1B).

At the regional level, Central Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa and Middle East had the highest ASDR; Australasia, high-income Asia Pacific and Eastern Europe were the three regions with the lowest ASDR (Table S5). At the national level, China carried the highest HHD death burden, followed by India and the Untied States of America (Fig. S2D). Bulgaria, Afghanistan, and Central African Republic were the three countries with highest ASDR (Fig. S2F).

A total of 21.50 (95% UI=16.4023.90) million DALYs were estimated on a global scale in 2019, and 13.94 (95% UI=11.3115.65) DALYs in 1990 (Table S1). There was a consistent rise in DALY number (Fig. 1G). However, DALY rate declined between 1990 and 2005, then ascended during 20062019 (Fig. 1H). In addition, it shown a persistent decline for the age-standardized DALY rate over the 30years (Fig. 1I).

The age-standardized DALY rate in men was 277.86 (95% UI=199.58311.14) per 100,000 population in 2019, which was higher than that in women (256.81, 95% UI=205.22291.98) (Table S2). The DALY rate distribution for males and females in 2019 was similar to that in 1990 (Fig. 2). In 2019, the age-specific trends of DALY rate attributed to HHD were similar for both sexes.

On the observation of the regions scale, Central Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa, and Oceania were the three regions with the highest age-standardized DALY rates (Table S5). It revealed a considerable national disparity in the burden of HHD. DALY numbers varied more than 10-fold between countries (Fig.3A). China had the highest HHD DALY number, followed by India and Indonesia (Fig. 3D). After adjusting population, Bulgaria, Estonia, and Cook Islands were the three countries with the highest rate of DALYs (Fig. 3B and E). After adjusting for age and population, Afghanistan, Cook Islands, and Central African Republic had the highest age-standardized DALY rates (Fig. 3C and F).

Global map of the disease burden of hypertensive heart disease (A, DALY number; B, DALY rates; C, Age-standardized DALY rates) and the top 20 countries with disease burden (D, DALY number; E, DALY rates; F, Age-standardized DALY rates)

The drift of HHD-related ASPR, ASDR, and age-standardized DALYs rate among five SDI quintiles were presented in Fig.4. The ASPR of HHD was highest in the middle SDI region, and the lowest in the high SDI region between 1990 and 2019 (Fig. 4A). It was interesting to note that, as opposed to the regions with other SDI, the middle SDI region presented a descending trend of ASPR (EAPC, 0.24, 95% UI=-0.2--0.20) (Table S3). ASDR and age-standardized DALY rate decreased the fastest in the middle SDI region (EAPC, 1.58, 95% UI=-1.98--1.20 for ASDR; EAPC, 1.74, 95% UI=-2.11--1.41 for age-standardized DALY rate) (Table S3, Fig. 4B and C). In the middle SDI region, the trend of ASDR and age-standardized DALY rate presented undulating curves (Fig. 4B and C). Compared with a downward trend for females (EAPC, 0.28, 95% UI=-0.4--0.11), male age-standardized DALY rate showed an upward tendency in the high SDI region (EAPC, 0.34, 95% UI=0.110.57).

The age-standardized prevalence, death, and DALY rate for hypertensive heart disease by different SDI regions, 19902019. ASPR, age-standardized prevalence rate; ASDR, age-standardized death rate; DALY, disability adjusted life-year; SDI, socio-demographic index

ASPR, ASDR, and age-standardized DALY rate of HHD stratified by SDI were shown in Fig.5. ASPR of HHD rose before SDI value of 0.4 and then start to decrease (Fig. 5A). There was a negative and significant Pearsons correlation between HHD disease burden and SDI (r=0.74, 95% CI=-0.77--0.70, p<0.001, for age-standardized DALY rate; r=0.70, 95% CI=-0.74--0.66, p<0.001, for ASDR) (Fig. 5C). The univariate linear regression indicated that many socioeconomic variables (HDI, IHDI, SDI, HAQ, population with at least some secondary education, life expectancy, and physicians per 10,000 people) had a significantly negative correlation with age-standardized DALY rate (all p<0.001, Table1).

The trend in ASPR (A), ASDR (B), age-standardized DALY rate (C) of hypertensive heart disease in 21 regions based on SDI. Expected values are shown as the dark blue line. ASPR, age-standardized prevalence rate; ASDR, age-standardized death rate; DALY, disability adjusted life-year; SDI, socio-demographic index

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Global, regional, and national burden of hypertensive heart disease during 19902019: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019 - BMC...

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Newswise April 28, 2022 (BRONX, NY)CAR-T therapy, a form of immunotherapy that revs up T-cells to recognize and destroy cancer cells, has revolutionized the treatment of blood cancers, including certain leukemias, lymphomas, and most recently, multiple myeloma. However, Black and Hispanic people were largely absent from the major clinical trials that led to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of CAR-T cell therapies.

In a study published today in Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT), investigators at the National Cancer Institute-designated Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center (MECC) report that Black and Hispanic patients had outcomes and side effects following CAR-T treatment that were comparable to their white and Asian counterparts.

Representation in cancer clinical trials is vital to ensuring that treatments are safe and effective for everyone, said Mendel Goldfinger, M.D., co-corresponding author of the paper, a medical oncologist at Montefiore Health System, assistant professor of medicine at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and member of the MECC Cancer Therapeutics Program. We couldnt have been happier to learn that our patients who identify as Black and Hispanic have the same benefits from CAR-T therapy as white patients. We can only begin to say that a cancer treatment is transformational when these therapies benefit everyone who comes to us for care.

People who identify as Black and Hispanic often have tumor biology, immune system biology, and side effects that are distinct from white people. However, very few minorities were enrolled in the major trials that led the FDA to approve CAR-T cell therapy.

Parity for Black and Hispanic PatientsThe new BMT study evaluated outcomes for 46 participants treated at Montefiore between 2015 and 2021. Seventeen of the participants were Hispanic, 9 were African American, 15 were white, and 5 were Asian.

Among Black and Hispanic patients, 58% achieved a complete response after treatment and 19% achieved a partial response. For white and Asian patients, 70% achieved a complete response and 20% had a partial response, indicating no statistical differences among racial and ethnic backgrounds. Results were similar with respect to major side effects experienced: Approximately 95% of participants in each group had mild to moderate cytokine release syndrome, a common side effect to immunotherapy in which people experience fever and other flu-like symptoms.

Diversifying Cancer Clinical TrialsOur findings demonstrate that we are able to effectively treat people from historically marginalized groups using CAR-T; our hope is that more people from a diverse range of racial and ethnic backgrounds will be included in clinical trials, said co-author Amit Verma, M.B.B.S., associate director of translational science at MECC, director of the division of hemato-oncology at Montefiore and Einstein, and professor of medicine and of developmental and molecular biology at Einstein. Ira Braunschweig, M.D., associate professor of medicine at Einstein and director of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and clinical program director, Hematologic Malignancies at Montefiore, is also co-corresponding author on the study.

At Montefiore, approximately 80% of clinical trial participants are minorities, compared with the nationwide figure of only 8%.

As an academic medical center, it is not enough to make novel therapies like CAR-T available, said Susan Green-Lorenzen, R.N. M.S.N., system senior vice president of operations at Montefiore and study co-author. We need to be at the forefront of ensuring that these treatments are effective for the communities we serve this research reflects this commitment.

The study is titled Efficacy and safety of CAR-T cell therapy in minorities. In addition to Drs. Goldfinger, Verma, and Braunschweig and Ms. Green-Lorenzen, other Einstein and Montefiore authors are Astha Thakkar, M.D., Michelly Abreu, N.P., Kith Pradhan, Ph.D., R. Alejandro Sica, M.D., Aditi Shastri, M.D., Noah Kornblum, M.D., Nishi Shah, M.D., M.P.H., Ioannis Mantzaris, M.D., M.S., Kira Gritsman, M.D., Ph.D., Eric Feldman, M.D., and Richard Elkind, P.A.-C.

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About Albert Einstein College of MedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicineis one of the nations premier centers for research, medical education and clinical investigation. During the 2021-22 academic year, Einstein is home to 732M.D.students, 190Ph.D.students, 120 students in thecombined M.D./Ph.D. program, and approximately 250postdoctoral research fellows. The College of Medicine has more than 1,900 full-time faculty members located on the main campus and at itsclinical affiliates. In 2021, Einstein received more than $185 million in awards from the National Institutes of Health. This includes the funding of majorresearch centersat Einstein in cancer, aging, intellectual development disorders, diabetes, clinical and translational research, liver disease, and AIDS. Other areas where the College of Medicine is concentrating its efforts include developmental brain research, neuroscience, cardiac disease, and initiatives to reduce and eliminate ethnic and racial health disparities. Its partnership withMontefiore, the University Hospital and academic medical center for Einstein, advances clinical and translational research to accelerate the pace at which new discoveries become the treatments and therapies that benefit patients. For more information, please visiteinsteinmed.org, read ourblog, followus onTwitter, like us onFacebook,and view us onYouTube.

About Montefiore Health SystemMontefiore Health System is one of New Yorks premier academic health systems and is a recognized leader in providing exceptional quality and personalized, accountable caretoapproximately three million people in communities across the Bronx, Westchester and the Hudson Valley. It is comprised of 10hospitals, including the Childrens Hospital at Montefiore, Burke Rehabilitation Hospital and more than 200 outpatient ambulatory care sites. The advanced clinical and translational research at its medical school, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, directly informs patient care and improves outcomes. From the Montefiore-Einstein Centers of Excellence in cancer, cardiology and vascular care, pediatrics, and transplantation,toits preeminent school-based health program, Montefiore is a fully integrated healthcare delivery system providing coordinated, comprehensive caretopatients and their families. For more information, please visitwww.montefiore.org. Followus onTwitter and Instagram and LinkedIn, or view us onFacebookandYouTube.

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Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center Finds CAR-T Therapy Effective in Black and Hispanic Patients - Newswise

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Inflammation represents one of the leading drivers of disease. Biotech company 180 Life Sciences is developing novel, anti-TNF therapies for treating distinct inflammatory diseases.

DocWire News spoke to James Woody, CEO of 180 Life Sciences, to learn more about the company, its mission, its treatment assets, and current clinical trials its involved in.

*Interview recorded in March 2022.

DocWire News:Can you give us some background on yourself, and the company, 180 Life Sciences?

James Woody:So by background, Im a pediatric immunologist, and in my prior life, I was Chief Scientific Officer of a company called Centocor, which was one of the very early biotech companies. And we were the first ones ever to make a anti-TNF antibody and to test it in patients, and we were able to show that it was remarkably effective in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Crohns disease and psoriasis and ulcerative colitis. And that actually began the pretty much the whole antibody based biologics industry. We were the first ones to do this with a humanized antibody.

I went on from there to run a pharmaceutical company called Syntex, former Syntex that was after Roche bought it and did that for eight years, we invented a lot of small molecules. And then I went on to start a company in oncology, cancer stem cells. And from there I went over to the dark side and joined a venture capital group and helped start companies for about 10 years and some of them are really successful. Some of them are okay and some crashed and burned, but thats the nature of the business. And then more recently I helped start a couple companies on my own. And then I was approached by the founders of 180 LS to help them out and also to be CEO of their company, so thats how I came to be CEO of 180 Life Sciences.

180 Life Sciences is repurposing anti-TNF for unmet needs. What is anti-TNF?

So in your body, you have lots of protein circulating around in your blood. These tell the body cells what to do, and some of them are called cytokines and cytokines are the ones that kind of tell your immune system what to do. And theres quite a lot of these. And theres some of them that are very good. Theres some of them that are bad actors and one of them is called tumor necrosis factor. It was named that totally by accident because it seemed to eliminate tumors in mice, but thats never been able to be shown in humans, but the name has stuck with it. So tumor necrosis factor is the thing that causes some types of inflammation, if theres an overproduction. For example, in rheumatoid arthritis, its the tumor necrosis factor that drives the destruction of the joints of your fingers and knees and shoulders and everything, so its a destructive cytokine. And what we did is we made a specialized antibody against TNF that binds it up and blocks it and prevents it from causing the inflammation. And that was the basis of infliximab or Remicade that we discovered from Centocor.

What is Dupuytrens disease, how is it characterized?

Dupuytrens Contracture is kind of a chronic disease, but it affects quite a lot of people, maybe 16 or 20 million in the US, same in Europe. It starts out as a small nodule in your palm. And over time, maybe a couple of years, some faster, some slower, it begins to form cords underneath the palm of your hand, it pulls your fingers together and contracts them. Sometimes this is inherited in families and sometimes it just occurs. So what happens is that this nodule starts, and as I said, over time, the fingers become contracted. So theres no therapies for the early stage when the nodules just form, but thats the basis of what were doing, Ill talk about that in a minute.

Later on, after the fingers are already contracted and you have the disability, you cant button your clothes, you cant type with that hand. You cant do many of the things that you like to do with your hand. Theres several therapies that they try. One of them is injecting a collagenase thats partially effective, but they all, about half of those recur. You can try to disrupt these cords with a needle called needle aponeurectomy or alternatively, what happens is you end up going to surgery and they cut these cords out. Ironically, my wife had this and went through a whole year of steroid injections into her hand, finally had to have the surgery. So Im familiar with the process. But thats what happens, and I think people, as soon as the nodule forms, people these days, because they have Dr. Google, can immediately know whats going to happen in the long run, so the information out there is quite impressive.

180 Life Sciences recently completed a Phase 2 study for Dupuytrens. Tell us about the study protocol, the drug used and other updates on the study.

Our colleague in England, Dr. Jagdeep Nanchahal, was able to look at Dupuytrens Contracture and especially the nodules, and through a series of very elegant experiments, he was able to show that the nodule was driven by the TNF, the bad actor. And in this case, the inflammation caused the fibrosis that were talking about, that leads to the finger contracture. And so he was able to work out that if you inject anti-TNF into this nodule, you can impact the course of the disease.

And so he did a very large trial of about 150 patients in the UK and was able to inject anti-TNF into the nodules of their hands. And in that trial, which took over a year, there were three or four injections, but we were able to show that both the primary and secondary endpoints of the trial were met and the endpoints had to do with the size of the nodule, whether it was growing, whether it was shrinking, whether it was harder or whether it was softer or whether the fingers were contracting, all of that, but we met the primary endpoints and the full publication with all the details will be out, hopefully in the next couple of months.

You have another trial planned for Frozen Shoulder. What is Frozen Shoulder, and how will the trial aim to address it?

Yes, Frozen Shoulder is another kind of inflammatory condition where fibrosis forms in the shoulder. And it initially starts out as being extremely painful. And that goes on for several months and then eventually the pain subsides, but the shoulder becomes totally immobile. And eventually you have to have surgery to remove the fibrotic tissues. Interestingly enough, this occurs more common in patients with diabetes, but about half of those patients also have Dupuytrens. And so we think that the fibrosis in the Dupuytrens and the fibrosis in the shoulder is the same mechanism. And so Dr. Nanchahal will be injecting anti-TNF into the shoulder very early, as soon as the pain is evident, then hell try to inject anti-TNF and maybe relieve the pain and also the formation of the fibrosis, so that one can avoid the surgery, which is actually quite expensive. And also, theres quite a long course of physical therapy after the surgery, so its something youd like to avoid. And so were trying to treat patients both with Dupuytrens and Frozen Shoulder before the disability develops.

A third program, which is soon to be clinical, is anti-TNF for post-operative cognition delirium or POCD. Tell me about POCD, and the preliminary research that led the team to pursue this indication?

We know that now that theyre doing fairly aggressive surgery in older patients, either hip replacements or emergency hip corrections or CABG procedure, coronary artery bypass graft, or cardiac surgery, that a fair percentage of these people after the surgery, just have a foggy brain. And the fog goes on for some time and we call it postoperative cognitive dementia, as the technical term. And in some patients, maybe 15 or 20%, it doesnt go away. And they end up in nursing homes and they actually dont live very long after that. And so our colleagues in the UK, Dr. Nanchahal and Dr. Feldmann and his colleagues, have shown that during the surgery, any kind of aggressive surgery, that TNF is released from the tissue damage, and the TNF goes to the brain and opens it up and lets inflammatory cells get into the area of the brain thats where your cognitive areas are, and so that leads to the dementia.

And in the past, theyve thought this all had to do with the anesthesia, but we think its the TNF thats actually causing this dementia going forward. And so were actually going to do a trial in patients that are having their hip repaired that are older, and were going to administer one dose of anti-TNF just before the surgery starts with a view towards preventing the dementia going forward. So this will be a long trial, but if it works, itll be something that everybody who goes into major surgery would want to have. So its another exciting opportunity for 180 LS and our investigators.

180 Life Sciences recently announced licensing of a compound called HMGB1. Tell us more about HMGB1 and the companys plans for it.

The company is also working on other areas of fibrosis, not just Dupuytrens Contracture and Frozen Shoulder, but other areas like liver fibrosis, which occurs with NASH. And we are working on ways to prevent that as well, much like were working on Dupuytrens and Frozen Shoulder. The fibrosis in the liver is really hard to reverse, and there are no real agents that do that, but theres a lot of people trying different things. Now what the HMGB-1 does, it doesnt change the fibrosis, but once the fibrosis is stopped, it could help the liver cells to regenerate. So this is kind of a regenerative medicine. It makes the tissues regenerate, whether its heart or whether its liver or whether its lung or whatever. And so its going to be used after the fibrosis is stopped. And so thats kind of what were interested in. And were just getting that program off the ground and making the initial compounds to do our testing.

Any closing thoughts?

Well, Id like to talk about our team. The company was founded by Dr. Mark Feldmann, who was the one, he was the original person who figured out that TNF was causing the joint destruction and arthritis, and with he and I and others, that actually did the very first trials ever. And this was done in patients with wheelchairs, and they actually got up out of their wheelchairs and walked around. It was a phenomenal moment. We had no idea it would work that well. And some of them actually did a pirouette down some stairs. We have videos of this. So its kind of like The Awakening movie where they gave them the L-DOPA and they all woke up. Well, in this case, they got up out of their wheelchairs and theres no patients in wheelchairs with rheumatoid arthritis in the whole world because of that drug, and the ones that followed on.

The current Humira from AbbVie is the preferred one. But the whole idea and concept, we started back then. Other founders, Dr. Larry Steinman, he and Mark put 180 LS together. And he developed Tysabri, the very first drug to help MS patients. And it was another phenomenal discovery that he made. And hes also working on MS and other areas. But so we have the leaders in inflammation as the people who actually founded the company. So its a pleasure to work with them. Ive been acquainted with them off and on for the past, maybe 25 years, so working with them again is a real pleasure.

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James Woody, CEO of 180 Life Sciences: Developing New Therapies to Treat Inflammatory Diseases - DocWire News

Cardiac Stem Cells Comments Off on James Woody, CEO of 180 Life Sciences: Developing New Therapies to Treat Inflammatory Diseases – DocWire News | April 29th, 2022

Stem cells are key building blocks for the human body. At the start of life, they divide over and over again to create a fully developed baby from an embryo. Many individuals now even turn to services that store and preserve umbilical cords should a person ever be in need.

Stem cells have the potential to develop into different types of cells in the body, serving as a repair system of sorts for damaged or lost cells. In recent decades, scientists have shown the miraculous ways of medicine through stem cell treatments.

So just how are doctors using stem cells to treat and help heal people battling various ailments? Heres a look at five studies published on StudyFinds that demonstrate the wondrous ways of stem cell treatments.

A heart condition called dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, weakens muscles of the ventricles, which causes heart failure and often death in children. Currently, the only cure is a heart transplant, which can take long periods of time to find an acceptable donor and increases the risk of rejection of the donor tissue. One study finds that stem cell therapy could help DCM patients survive longer while awaiting a transplant or potentially eliminate the need for a new heart entirely.

Cardiac stem cells called cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) have proven to be effective at treating certain heart conditions. The CDCs grow into tissue cells of the heart and can counter the effects of DCM. To test the safety of the CDC therapy, a team of scientists at Okayama University in Japan demonstrated the efficacy of CDCs in tissue damaged from DCM. For the study, DCM symptoms were induced in pigs, after which CDCs were administered in various doses for treatment. In a control group, some pigs were given a placebo.

Results showed thickening of the heart muscle in pigs who were given the stem cell treatment. This allows increased blood flowto the rest of the body, thereby effectively repairing the damaged tissue. Due to the dosage used in animal trials, researchers could estimate the proper dosage for human trials.

The first of these included 5 younger patients who were diagnosed with DCM. Injections of CDCs resulted inbetter heart function without any serious side effects. Thus, scientists believe this type of treatment could minimize the need for heart transplants and allow DCM patients to have normal lives.

READ MORE: Stem cell treatment shows promise as treatment for rare heart condition in children

Although their use is sometimes controversial, scientists often look at stem cells as a potential miracle cure for many conditions. One study finds stem cells from a babys umbilical cord may save the most at risk of dying from COVID-19. A treatment derived from non-altered versions of these stem cells significantly improves the survival rate among coronavirus patients already on a ventilator.

In a double-blind, controlled, randomized study, 40 adultpatients in intensive careand on a ventilator received the treatment intravenously. The infusions contained stem cells coming from the connective tissue of a human umbilical cord. Half of the patients received infusions not containing stem cells to serve as a control group.

Results reveal survival rates climbed by 2.5 times among patients receiving stem cells. Those with a pre-existing health problem, making them high-risk for COVID, saw their changes of beating coronavirus jump by 4.5 times. Moreover, the study says the stem cell infusions did not cause any life-threatening complications or allergic reactions.

READ MORE: Stem cells from a babys umbilical cord doubles survival chances among COVID patients

In the fight against heart disease, a new super-weapon is now even closer to deployment, and its capabilities are turning out to be beyond expectations. A study aimed at combating heart disease finds that stem cells are not only showing promise in treating heart failure, but in rats are actually reversing problems associated with old age.

The specific type of stem cells used in the study are cardiosphere-derived cells, or CDCs. While the latest research involving CDCs indicates possibilities that have previously been in the realm of science fiction, the scientists leading the charge urge restraint in face of the excitement.

Nevertheless, the latest results of stem cell infusions in rats are startling. Not only did rats that received the CDCs experience improved heart function, they also had lengthened heart cell telomeres. Moreover, the rats that received the treatment also had their exercise capacity increase by about 20 percent. They also regrew hair faster than rats that didnt receive the cells.

Still, the doctors and scientists working to push the frontier of medicine forward are very optimistic about the real possibilities of the therapy. Researchers of the study said they are also studying the use of stem cells in treating patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, a condition that affects more than 50 percent of all heart failure patients.

READ MORE: Study: Cardiac stem cell injections reverse effects of aging

A new biomaterial can help regenerate tissue in people dealing with chronic lower back pain and spinal issues. A recent study finds the secret to this breakthrough therapy is all in the hiPS. Not thosehips, but human induced pluripotent stem cells.

The study explains that a common cause of lower back pain is the degeneration of intervertebral discs (IVDs). These discs sit between the vertebrae in the spine and help give the spinal column its flexibility. Severe IVD degeneration eventually leads to spinal deformity without treatment. In this study, scientists used cartilage tissue derived from stem cells to build back lost IVDs in lab rats.

Study authors used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) during their experiments. Importantly, scientists are capable of turning iPSCs into chondrocytes cells that produce and maintain cartilage. Previous studies have successfully used this same method to treat cartilage defects in animals. In the new study, researchers created human iPSC-derived cartilaginous tissue (hiPS-Cart) that they implanted into rats with no NP cells in their intervertebral discs.

Findings reveal that the hiPS-Cart implanted in the rats was able to survive and be maintained. IVD and vertebral bone degeneration were prevented. The researchers also assessed the mechanics and found that hiPS-Cart was able to revert these properties to similar levels observed in the control rats.

READ MORE: Stem cell cure for lower back pain is all in the hiPS

Stem cells taken from deceased patients may also help in creating a cure for blindness. Retina cells from a corpse continue to survive after being transplanted into the eyes of monkeys, scientists say.

RPE dysfunction is a leading cause of blindness, including causing disorders likemacular degeneration, which affects around 200 million people worldwide. Now, for the first time, scientists have successfully produced retina cells in monkeys using human stem cells. Human cadaver donor-derived cells can be safely transplanted underneath the retina and replace host function, and therefore may be a promising source for rescuing visionin patients with retina diseases.

For the study, researchers transplanted stem cells from the eyes of donated bodies under the monkeys macula, the central part of the retina. Following surgery, the transplanted patches remained stable for at least three months without any serious side-effects. The RPE created by the human stem cells partially took over from the old retina cells. In addition, this could successfully support the eyes light receptorswithout causing retinal scarring.

These unique cells could serve as an unlimited resource of human RPE, whichmay restore sightfor millions of people around the world. The scientists caution that they will need to conduct more research to see how the procedure works with human transplant patients. Human trials are still a long way off.

READ MORE: Eye stem cells transplanted from corpses to live patients could cure blindness

For more information on each of these stem cell treatments, you can refer to the READ MORE links in between each section.

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Stem Cell Magic: 5 Promising Treatments For Major Medical Conditions - Study Finds

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One is that there are some people that are naturally resistant to heart attack and have lifelong, low levels of LDL, the cardiologist says. Second, there are some genes that can be switched off that lead to very low LDL cholesterol, and individuals with those genes switched off are resistant to heart attacks.

Kathiresan and his team formed a hypothesis in 2016 that if they could develop a medicine that mimics the natural protection that some people enjoy, then they might identify a powerful new way to treat and ultimately prevent heart attacks. They launched Verve in 2018 with the goal of creating a one-time therapy that would permanently lower LDL and eliminate heart attacks caused by high LDL.

The medication is targeted specifically for patients who have a genetic form of high cholesterol known as heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, or FH, caused by expression of a gene called PCSK9. Verve also plans to develop a program to silence a gene called ANGPTL3 for patients with FH and possibly those with or at risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

FH causes cholesterol to be high from birth, reaching levels of 200 to 300 milligrams per deciliter. Suggested normal levels are around 100 to 129 mg/dl, and anything above 130 mg/dl is considered high. Patients with cardiovascular disease usually are asked to aim for under 70 mg/dl, but many still have unacceptably high LDL despite taking oral medications such as statins. They are more likely to have heart attacks in their 30s, 40s and 50s, and require lifelong LDL control.

The goal for drug treatments for high LDL, Kathiresan says, is to reduce LDL as low as possible for as long as possible. Physicians and researchers also know that a sizeable portion of these patients eventually start to lose their commitment to taking their statins and other LDL-controlling medications regularly.

If you ask 100 patients one year after their heart attack what fraction are still taking their cholesterol-lowering medications, its less than half, says Kathiresan. So imagine a future where somebody gets a one-time treatment at the time of their heart attack or before as a preventive measure. Its right in front of us, and its something that Verve is looking to do.

In late 2020, Verve completed primate testing with monkeys that had genetically high cholesterol, using a one-time intravenous injection of VERVE-101. It reduced the monkeys LDL by 60 percent and, 18 months later, remains at that level. Kathiresan expects the LDL to stay low for the rest of their lives.

Verves gene editing medication is packaged in a lipid nanoparticle to serve as the delivery mechanism into the liver when infused intravenously. The drug is absorbed and makes its way into the nucleus of the liver cells.

Verves program targeting PCSK9 uses precise, single base, pair base editing, Kathiresan says, meaning it doesn't cut DNA like CRISPR gene editing systems do. Instead, it changes one base, or letter, in the genome to a different one without affecting the letters around it. Comparing it to a pencil and eraser, he explains that the medication erases out a letter A and makes it a letter G in the A, C, G and T code in DNA.

By making that simple change from A to G, the medication switches off the PCSK9 gene, automatically lowering LDL cholesterol.

Once the DNA change is made, all the cells in the liver will have that single A to G change made, Kathiresan says. Then the liver cells divide and give rise to future liver cells, but every time the cell divides that change, the new G is carried forward.

Additionally, Verve is pursuing its second gene editing program to eliminate ANGPTL3, a gene that raises both LDL and blood triglycerides. In 2010, Kathiresan's research team learned that people who had that gene completely switched off had LDL and triglyceride levels of about 20 and were very healthy with no heart attacks. The goal of Verves medication will be to switch off that gene, too, as an option for additional LDL or triglyceride lowering.

Success with our first drug, VERVE-101, will give us more confidence to move forward with our second drug, Kathiresan says. And it opens up this general idea of making [genomic] spelling changes in the liver to treat other diseases.

The approach is less ethically concerning than other gene editing technologies because it applies somatic editing that affects only the individual patient, whereas germline editing in the patients sperm or egg, or in an embryo, gets passed on to children. Additionally, gene editing therapies receive the same comprehensive amount of testing for side effects as any other medicine.

We need to continue to advance our approach and tools to make sure that we have the absolute maximum ability to detect off-target effects, says Euan Ashley, professor of medicine and genetics at Stanford University and founding director of its Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease. Ashley and his colleagues at Stanfords Clinical Genomics Program and beyond are increasingly excited about the promise of gene editing.

We can offer precision diagnostics, so increasingly were able to define the disease at a much deeper level using molecular tools and sequencing, he continues. We also have this immense power of reading the genome, but were really on the verge of taking advantage of the power that we now have to potentially correct some of the variants that we find on a genome that contribute to disease.

He adds that while the gene editing medicines in development to correct genomes are ahead of the delivery mechanisms needed to get them into the body, particularly the heart and brain, hes optimistic that those arent too far behind.

It will probably take a few more years before those next generation tools start to get into clinical trials, says Ashley, whose book, The Genome Odyssey, was published last year. The medications might be the sexier part of the research, but if you cant get it into the right place at the right time in the right dose and not get it to the places you dont want it to go, then that tool is not of much use.

Medical experts consider knocking out the PCSK9 gene in patients with the fairly common genetic disorder of familial hypercholesterolemia roughly one in 250 people a potentially safe approach to gene editing and an effective means of significantly lowering their LDL cholesterol.

Nurse Erin McGlennon has an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator and takes medications, but she is also hopeful that a gene editing medication will be developed in the near future.

Erin McGlennon

Mary McGowan, MD, chief medical officer for The Family Heart Foundation in Pasadena, CA, sees the tremendous potential for VERVE-101 and believes patients should be encouraged by the fact that this kind of research is occurring and how much Verve has accomplished in a relatively short time. However, she offers one caveat, since even a 60 percent reduction in LDL wont completely eliminate the need to reduce the remaining amount of LDL.

This technology is very exciting, she said, but we want to stress to our patients with familial hypercholesterolemia that we know from our published research that most people require several therapies to get their LDL down., whether that be in primary prevention less than 100 mg/dl or secondary prevention less than 70 mg/dl, So Verves medication would be an add-on therapy for most patients.

Dr. Kathiresan concurs: We expect our medicine to lower LDL cholesterol by about 60 percent and that our patients will be on background oral medications, including statins that lower LDL cholesterol.

Several leading research centers are investigating gene editing treatments for other types of cardiovascular diseases. Elizabeth McNally, Elizabeth Ward Professor and Director at the Center for Genetic Medicine at Northwestern Universitys Feinberg School of Medicine, pursues advanced genetic correction in neuromuscular diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy. A cardiologist, she and her colleagues know these diseases frequently have cardiac complications.

Even though the field is driven by neuromuscular specialists, its the first therapies in patients with neuromuscular diseases that are also expected to make genetic corrections in the heart, she says. Its almost like an afterthought that were potentially fixing the heart, too.

Another limitation McGowan sees is that too many healthcare providers are not yet familiar with how to test patients to determine whether or not they carry genetic mutations that need to be corrected. We need to get more genetic testing done, she says. For example, thats the case with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, where a lot of the people who probably carry that diagnosis and have never been genetically identified at a time when genetic testing has never been easier.

One patient who has been diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy also happens to be a nurse working in research at Genentech Pharmaceutical, now a member of the Roche Group, in South San Francisco. To treat the disease, Erin McGlennon, RN, has an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator and takes medications, but she is also hopeful that a gene editing medication will be developed in the near future.

With my condition, the septum muscles are just growing thicker, so Im on medicine to keep my heart from having dangerous rhythms, says McGlennon of the disease that carries a low risk of sudden cardiac death. So, the possibility of having a treatment option that can significantly improve my day-to-day functioning would be a major breakthrough.

McGlennon has some control over cardiovascular destiny through at least one currently available technology: in vitro fertilization. Shes going through it to ensure that her children won't express the gene for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

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Podcast: Has the First 150-Year-Old Already Been Born - Leaps

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Paper Title: Identification of a retinoic acid-dependent hemogenic endothelial progenitor from human pluripotent stem cells

Journal: Nature Cell Biology

Authors:Christopher Sturgeon, PhD, Associate Professor of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Hematology & Medical Oncology in the Black Family Stem Cell Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and other coauthors.

Bottom Line:Blood-forming stem cells found in bone marrow are the life-saving component used in bone marrow transplants. However, suitable donors often cannot be found in many cases. This study reveals how the human embryo develops the precursor to blood forming stem cells, which researchers say can be used in the novel method they developed to generate blood-forming stem cells from cells in tissue culture.

The studyled by researchers from Mount Sinai and the San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy in Milan Italyconfirms many aspects of cell development, including origins and regulation, which are known to occur within both the mouse and human embryo. In the mammalian embryo, blood-forming stem cells emerge from a specialized cell type called hemogenic endothelium. These cells develop in response to a critical signal pathway known as retinoic acid, which is essential for growth. Their analysis found that stem cell populations derived from human pluripotent stem cells were transcriptionally similar to cells in the early human embryo.

Results: For years, researchers in the field of regenerative medicine have been able to obtain hemogenic endothelium from embryonic stem cells, but these cells do not produce blood-forming stem cells. In the embryo, blood-forming stem cell development requires signaling by retinoic acid.But, current state-of-the-art methods for deriving blood progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells do so in the absence of retinoic acid. In this latest study, researchers examined the dependence on retinoic acid in early cell types derived from human pluripotent stem cells. They performed single cell RNA sequencing of stem cells in vitro to better understand patterns of mesodermal cell types during early development. The research team identified a new strategy to obtain cells that are transcriptionally similar to those hemogenic endothelial cells found in the human embryo by stimulating a very discrete original population with retinoic acid.

Why the Research Is Interesting:This new method brings researchers and scientists closer to developing blood-forming stem cells in tissue culture, but also provides a pathway to establishing specialized blood cell types for transfusions and other treatments for cancer since the new method makings it possible to obtain the same original cells in adult blood that are found in a developing embryo.

Said Mount Sinai's Dr. Christopher Sturgeon of the research:We have made a major breakthrough in our ability to direct the development of stem cells in a tissue culture dish into cells that have the same gene expression signature as the immediate progenitor of a blood-forming stem cell found in the developing embryo. With this, now we can focus our efforts at understanding how to capture embryonic blood-forming stem cells, with the goal of using them as a substitute for bone marrow.

Researchers from the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO contributed to this study.

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To request a full copy of the paper or to schedule an interview with the researcher, please contact the Mount Sinai Press Office at stacy.anderson@mountsinai.org or 347-346-3390.

Nature Cell Biology

28-Apr-2022

Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.

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Researchers share insights about the mechanisms of human embryo and create method to develop transcriptionally similar cells in tissue culture -...

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There are few things more grueling than running a marathon.

One of those is battling cancer.

A La Conner native knows all about the former, having previously run the Denver Colfax Marathon. Now shes helping bring greater awareness to the latter by raising funds for the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society as she trains for the Chicago Marathon in October.

Morgan Harlan, a 2020 Baylor University grad now teaching kindergarten in Denver, is hoping to raise $4,000 for LLS by running the urban Chicago course with two friends this fall. The Chicago Marathon is typically viewed by more than a million spectators.

I hope to raise as much money as I possibly can for such a worthy cause that is so important to my family, she told the Weekly News on Friday.

Her family has seen first-hand the life-saving potential of bone marrow and blood stem cell transplants, and is committed to helping find cures and ensure access to treatments for all blood cancer patients.

Harlans grandfather, longtime La Conner resident and Dunlap Towing retiree Mit Harlan, waged a successful battle against leukemia over a decade ago.

My grandfather, said Harlan, is alive because of a stem cell transplant.

While a student at Baylor, where she was a journalism/public relations major and played club soccer, Harlan signed up for Be the Match, which connects patients with transplant donors.

As a college student with a family member who had experienced cancer, said Harlan, I thought I was doing my due diligence by signing up for the registry.

Last December, four years after joining Be the Match, Harlan flew to Seattle to donate her stem cells.

Her patient was a 65-year-old male with leukemia the same age her grandfather was when he received his transplant.

When Be the Match called to inform me that I was the match and asked me if I would be willing to donate my stem cells, Harlan added, my response was: Absolutely. I hope I can give another little girl or boy more time with their grandpa like I was given.

Harlan has not stopped there. She has taken on fundraising for the cause, doing so in a way that shows she is in it for the long run.

She has enlisted a coach, La Conner alum Carlee Daub, to help her train for Chicago. Daub is an owner of Wahoo Running, an online platform that provides coaching to runners throughout the nation.

My first marathon, Harlan recalled, I was focused on completion. I wanted to prove to myself that I had the physical and mental grit to get through 26.2 miles. The Chicago Marathon will be focused more on speed and race strategy.

As Harlan has lowered her running times, her fundraising numbers have increased.

My fundraising has gone really well because of the wonderful people around me, she said. I am very thankful to have generous family members, friends, and community members.

My original goal was to raise $2,000, Harlan explained, which I was able to raise in the first week. I have since raised my goal to $4,000.

Committing to run the Chicago Marathon on behalf of LLS is a big step for Harlan. After graduating from Burlington-Edison High School, having competed in soccer and track there, Harlan chose to go out of state for college.

I wanted to travel outside of Washington for my four years of college and live somewhere new, she said. Baylor had a great mix of academic strength, athletics success and extracurriculars.

While on the Waco, Texas campus, Harlan regularly wrote for the student newspaper, the Baylor Lariat.

Now, as she preps for the Chicago Marathon and generates support for LLS, Harlan is making rather than reporting the news.

For her, its a story whose headliner is her grandfather.

Hes one of the best humans I know, said Harlan. Growing up, he never missed a soccer match (of mine), including a tournament in Spain. Hes very giving with his time and money, especially towards charities like LLS.

Harlan, daughter of Mike and Jennifer Harlan, of Landing Road, southeast of La Conner, said the best ways to donate are through either her donation page: (https://pages.lls.org.tnt/rm.chicago22/MHarlan) or Facebook.

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La Conner native raising funds to cure blood cancer - La Conner Weekly News

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