Introduction

An increasing number of patients with end-stage renal failure are undergoing dialysis therapy worldwide. It causes both medical and medicoeconomic problems. Renal transplantation has proven a successful therapy for most patients with end-stage renal failure, as the therapy results in a significant improvement in the patients quality of life, prolongs survival and is considered cost-effective [1]. However, the annual increase in the number of new patients with end-stage renal disease who need a renal transplant, and the widening gap between the demand for and the supply of donor kidneys have led to a progressive shortage of donor organs for transplant. This has become a serious issue and is worsened by the problem of limited graft survival due to immune rejection [1].

Among the strategies to overcome these problems is kidney regeneration using stem cells. Stem cells may be divided into two large categories: organ-specific or somatic stem cells and pluripotent stem cells. In contrast to organ-specific stem cells that generally have a limited potential for growth and differentiation, pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) [24] and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells [57], have a virtually unlimited replicative capacity on culture dishes and are theoretically able to give rise to any cell type in the body. Stem cells have increasingly been used as a model system for understanding developmental mechanisms. In addition, in vitro culture and differentiation of stem cells offer unique opportunities for disease modeling, drug discovery, toxicology and cell replacement therapy [8]. The generation of specific functional cell types from ESCs has been demonstrated, including neural cells (several kinds of neuron and glia), vascular endothelia and smooth muscle, cardiomyocytes, hematopoietic cells, pancreatic insulin-producing cells and hepatocyte-like cells [8]. However, the protocol for in vitro differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into renal lineage cells has not been fully established.

Other approaches to regenerate kidney have also been investigated using organ-specific local stem cells within the kidney and bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells [9]. Kidney regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells localized in bone marrow has also been examined [10]. However, the approaches are still being developed and the role of these stem cells in kidney regeneration remains to be well defined.

Therapeutic approaches using human ESCs face two major problems. One is the ethical issue derived from the use of human fertilized eggs, and the other is immune rejection in any cell or tissue transplantation due to histocompatibility antigenic differences between ESCs and patients. These problems have been overcome by a breakthrough experiment by Takahashi and Yamanaka. They identified four factors normally found in ESCs, Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4, that were sufficient to reprogram both mouse and human somatic cells to closely resemble mouse and human ESCs [57]. They named these iPS cells. Since iPS cells can be generated from somatic cells of patients, clinical approaches using iPS cells are not associated with the two above problems (use of human fertilized egg and immune rejection). In the next natural step after iPS cell creation, significant progress has been made in redifferentiating iPS cells into somatic cells. As is the case with ESCs, iPS cells have been redifferentiated into several somatic tissues, including active motor neurons [11], insulin-secreting islet-like clusters [12], hepatocyte-like cells [13,14] and a number of cardiovascular cells (arterial endothelium, venous endothelium, lymphatic endothelium, cardiomyocytes), but not kidney [15,16].

This chapter first summarizes the mechanisms of kidney development and the research on the directed differentiation of ESCs into renal lineages based on the knowledge of kidney development. In vitro generation of kidney using the undifferentiated cell mass in amphibian eggs, similar to mammalian pluripotent stem cells in that the cell mass can differentiate into various organs in vitro, is also described as a reference to kidney regeneration in mammals. Recent advances in the iPS cell research and technology are then reviewed, and finally the future direction of iPS cells in the field of regenerative nephrology is described.

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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell - an overview ...

Stem cell-derived cells are ready-made human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) and iPS-derived cell lines that are extracted ethically and have been characterized as per highest industry standards. Stem cell-derived cells iPS cells are derived from the skin fibroblasts from variety of healthy human donors of varying age and gender. These stem cell-derived cells are then commercialized for use with the consent obtained from cell donors. These stem cell-derived cells are then developed using a complete culture system that is an easy-to-use system used for defined iPS-derived cell expansion. Majority of the key players in stem cell-derived cells market are focused on generating high-end quality cardiomyocytes as well as hepatocytes that enables end use facilities to easily obtain ready-made iPSC-derived cells. As the stem cell-derived cells market registers a robust growth due to rapid adoption in stem cellderived cells therapy products, there is a relative need for regulatory guidelines that need to be maintained to assist designing of scientifically comprehensive preclinical studies. The stem cell-derived cells obtained from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) are initially dissociated into a single-cell suspension and later frozen in vials. The commercially available stem cell-derived cell kits contain a vial of stem cell-derived cells, a bottle of thawing base and culture base.

The increasing approval for new stem cell-derived cells by the FDA across the globe is projected to propel stem cell-derived cells market revenue growth over the forecast years. With low entry barriers, a rise in number of companies has been registered that specializes in offering high end quality human tissue for research purpose to obtain human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) derived cells. The increase in product commercialization activities for stem cell-derived cells by leading manufacturers such as Takara Bio Inc. With the increasing rise in development of stem cell based therapies, the number of stem cell-derived cells under development or due for FDA approval is anticipated to increase, thereby estimating to be the most prominent factor driving the growth of stem cell-derived cells market. However, high costs associated with the development of stem cell-derived cells using complete culture systems is restraining the revenue growth in stem cell-derived cells market.

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The global Stem cell-derived cells market is segmented on basis of product type, material type, application type, end user and geographic region:

Segmentation by Product Type

Segmentation by End User

The stem cell-derived cells market is categorized based on product type and end user. Based on product type, the stem cell-derived cells are classified into two major types stem cell-derived cell kits and accessories. Among these stem cell-derived cell kits, stem cell-derived hepatocytes kits are the most preferred stem cell-derived cells product type. On the basis of product type, stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes kits segment is projected to expand its growth at a significant CAGR over the forecast years on the account of more demand from the end use segments. However, the stem cell-derived definitive endoderm cell kits segment is projected to remain the second most lucrative revenue share segment in stem cell-derived cells market. Biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies followed by research and academic institutions is expected to register substantial revenue growth rate during the forecast period.

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North America and Europe cumulatively are projected to remain most lucrative regions and register significant market revenue share in global stem cell-derived cells market due to the increased patient pool in the regions with increasing adoption for stem cell based therapies. The launch of new stem cell-derived cells kits and accessories on FDA approval for the U.S. market allows North America to capture significant revenue share in stem cell-derived cells market. Asian countries due to strong funding in research and development are entirely focused on production of stem cell-derived cells thereby aiding South Asian and East Asian countries to grow at a robust CAGR over the forecast period.

Some of the major key manufacturers involved in global stem cell-derived cells market are Takara Bio Inc., Viacyte, Inc. and others.

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The Stem Cell-Derived Cells market to Scale new heights in the next decade - Khabar South Asia

Share This Article:A stem cell research center at UC Davis. Courtesy California Institute for Regenerative MedicineBy Barbara Feder Ostrov | CalMatters

Californias stem cell research agency was supposed to be winding down its operations right about now, after a 16-year run and hundreds of millions in grants to scientists researching cutting-edge treatments for diabetes, cancer, Alzheimers and other diseases.

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Instead, the taxpayer-supported California Institute for Regenerative Medicine will get a $5.5 billion reboot after voters earlier this month narrowly passed the Proposition 14bond measure. The overall cost of the bonds with interest will total about $7.8 billion.

Were thrilled that California voters saw fit to continue the work weve done, said Jonathan Thomas, chair of the agencys governing board. California has always had a frontier mentality and a love for the cutting edge, and the work that CIRM has done has put it on the very forefront of regenerative medicine.

Even with Californias economy in a coronavirus-induced tailspin and somescientists arguingthat stem cell research no longer needs taxpayer support,Prop. 14passed with 51 percent of the vote after well-financed supporters pourednearly $21 millioninto the Yes on 14 campaign. The measure was essentially a rerun of Proposition 71, which California voters approved in 2004 after a since-revoked federal ban on embryonic stem cell research.

The cash infusion is expected to keep the institute running for another 10 to 15 years, although the agency will see some significant changes under Prop. 14.

The institute also must contend with longstanding concerns over conflicts of interest that have dogged it since its inception, observers say. About 80% of the money distributed has gone to universities and companies tied to agency board members, according to an analysisby longtime agency watchdog David Jensen, a former Sacramento Bee journalist who runs theCalifornia Stem Cell Reportblog and wrote abookon the institute.

Prop. 14 allows the agency to fund a wider array of research projects even some that dont involve stem cells, but instead are related to genetics, personalized medicine and aging.

Thats necessary because the field has evolved, said Paul Knoepfler, a UC Davis professor of cell biology who studies the role of stem cells in cancer and writes a stem cell blog. He received a 2009 grant from the institute.

Stem cells are interesting and important, but there are going to be a lot of new therapies in the next 10 years that are not stem-cell centric, Knoepfler said.

Other changes for the agency include:

Ysabel Duron, who joined the institutes board late last year, said she sees her role as promoting equity in opportunities for both researchers and patients and ensuring that treatments resulting from the research can benefit all Californians.

Researchers in particular need to boost the diversity of patients in their clinical trials and do a better job communicating the value of their work to the public, Duron said, noting that nearly 40% of Californians are Latino.

We need to keep researchers feet to the fire, said Duron, a former television journalist and founder of the Latino Cancer Institute. They need to show us a plan and we need to reward them.

To date, the agency has funded 64 clinical trials of treatments for many types of cancer, sickle cell disease, spinal cord injuries, diabetes, kidney disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, commonlyknown as Lou Gehrigs disease.But the most advanced trials involve therapies for relatively rare conditions, such asSevere Combined Immunodeficiency known as the bubble baby disease, Jensen noted. That therapy is being reviewed by the FDA but has not yet been approved.

Cancer, heart disease these are the big killers. Thats what most people are interested in, Jensen said. You can fund something for a rare disease, but that doesnt affect the majority of Californians.

And, Jensen asks, what will happen after the agency runs out of money again? Will taxpayers once again be asked to refill its coffers? There was hope when the agency began that revenues from successful treatments would sustain its grant-making in the years to come, but the institute has only received a few hundred thousand dollars, not nearly enough to become self-sustaining without taxpayer support, according to theLegislative Analysts Office.

The sustainability issue is important and its hard to address, Jensen said. The money doesnt last forever.

Stem Cell Medical Research to Expand in California Following Passage of Prop. 14 was last modified: November 27th, 2020 by Editor

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Stem Cell Medical Research to Expand in California Following Passage of Prop. 14 - Times of San Diego

SHANGHAI, China, Nov. 27, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- ECMOHO Limited (Nasdaq: MOHO) (“ECMOHO” or the “Company”), a leading integrated solutions provider in the non-medical health and wellness market in China, today announced that it will release its unaudited financial results for the third quarter ended September 30, 2020 on Monday, November 30, 2020.

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Approval by MHLW provides new HIF-PH inhibitor treatment option for healthcare providers and adult patients with anemia of CKD not on dialysis Approval by MHLW provides new HIF-PH inhibitor treatment option for healthcare providers and adult patients with anemia of CKD not on dialysis

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FLORHAM PARK, N.J., Nov. 27, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: PHAT), a late clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing novel treatments for gastrointestinal diseases, announced today that members of the management team will participate at two upcoming virtual investor conferences in December, including:

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MALVERN, Pa., Nov. 27, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Ocugen, Inc. (NASDAQ: OCGN), a biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering, developing, and commercializing transformative therapies to cure blindness diseases, today announced Dr. Shankar Musunuri, Chairman, CEO, and Co-Founder of Ocugen, will speak on “The Promise of Cell & Gene Therapies: Regulatory and Reimbursement Roadblocks” at Xconomy’s Xcelerating Life Sciences New York & Philadelphia Virtual Event on December 3 at 10:30 a.m. This panel will be moderated by Theresa Lavoie, Principal, Fish & Richardson and also feature panelists, Greg White, Senior Director, Global Market Access Policy – Janssen, Pharmaceutical Companies and Snehal Naik, Global Regulatory Affair- Advanced Therapies, Janssen R&D.

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Future References to Lead Drug Candidate for Alzheimer’s Disease Will Be Simufilam Future References to Lead Drug Candidate for Alzheimer’s Disease Will Be Simufilam

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– R&D activities focused on advancing the development of innovative delivery systems and yeast beta glucan as a potential inhalable therapeutic for COVID-19 –

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Researchers at Stanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute recently developed a drug that can lure stem cells to impaired tissue and enhance the efficacy of treatment.

This is considered a "scientific first," not to mention a major advance for the field of regenerative drugs. Such a discovery, which theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences or PNASpublished could enhance the present stem cell treatments developed to cure such neurological disorders like stroke, spinal cord injury, ALS or other amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as other neurodegenerative diseases -- and have their use expanded to new conditions such as arthritis or heart disease.

In the study, toxic or green cells disappeared when mice with a neurodegenerative condition were given both therapeutic or red cells and the drug SDV1a, which matched with delayed onset of symptoms and longer lives.

(Photo : Stem Cell Research via Getty Images)In this undated handout photo released by the Institute for Stem Cell Research in 2005, neurons (red) and astrocytes (green), which can be made from neural stem cells, are seen.

Results Suggesting Efficacy of the Drug

The study results proposed that SDV1a can be used to enhance the stem cell treatments' efficacy. According to Evan Snyder, MD, PhD, theCenter for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine at Stanford Burnham Prebysprofessor and director, "the ability to instruct a stem cell where to go in the body, or to a particular region of a given organ is the 'Holy Grail' for regenerative medicine.

Snyder, who's also the senior author of the study, added, now, for the first time, stem cells can be directed to a desired area and focus its therapeutic effect.

Almost a decade-and-a-half back, the senior author, together with his team, found that stem cells are drawn to infection, a biological 'fire alarm' indicating that damage has taken place.

Nevertheless, using inflammation as a healing appeal is not possible since an inflammation environment can be dangerous to the body. Hence, researchers have been searching for mechanisms to help in the migration of stem cells or 'home' to the body's desired areas.

Such a mechanism or tool, according to reports on this new finding, would be a great contributor for disorders in which preliminary inflammatory indicators disappear over time, like chronic spinal cord injury or stroke, and conditions where the inflammation's role is not clearly understood, like heart disease, for one.

Fortunately, after decades of investing in stem cell science, scientists are now making "tremendous progress," saidCalifornia Institute for Regenerative Medicine or CIRMpresident and CEO Maria Millan, MD said, in their understanding of the manner such cells work and the manner they can be attached to help reverse disease or an injury.

The CIRM partially funded this new study. Millan also said, Snyder's group has identified a medicine that could enhance "the ability of neural stem cells to home to sites of injury and initiate repair."

More so, the president and CEO also explained, the drug candidate could help fast-track the stem cell treatments' development, specifically for conditions including Alzheimer's disease and spinal cord injury.

In the research, study investigators modified an inflammatory molecule called CXCL12, which the Snyder's group discovered previously, could guide healing stem cells to areas that need repair to develop the SDV1a.

As such, this new medicine works by improving stem cell binding and minimizing inflammatory indicating and can be injected anywhere to attract stem cells to a particular site without causing any inflammation.

Since such inflammation can be dangerous, Snyder explained, they modified CXL12 by "tripping away the risky beat and maximizing the good bit."

Now, he added, they have a drug, drawing stem cells to an area of pathology, but not creating or worsening the unwanted infection.

"Now, we have a drug that draws stem cells to a region of pathology, but without creating or worsening unwanted inflammation."

Furthermore, to present that the new medication can improve the effectiveness of stem cell therapy, the scientists implanted SDV1a and human neural stem cells into the brains of mice thatSandhoff disease, a neurodegenerative disease.

The scientists have already started testing the ability of SDV1a to enhance stem cell therapy in a mouse model of Lou Gehrig's disease, also known as ALS, which results from progressive loss of motor neurons in the brain.

Snyder said they are optimistic that the mechanism of action of this new drug may potentially benefit various neurodegenerative disorders and non-neurological conditions like arthritis, heart disease, and even brain cancer.

Interestingly, he also explained, since CXL12 and its receptor is said to be implicated in cytokine storm that exemplifies severeCOVID-19, some of their understandings of how to constrain infection without controlling other normal procedures selectively may be helpful in that field, as well.

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TORONTO, Nov. 25, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Cronos Group Inc. (NASDAQ: CRON) (TSX: CRON) (“Cronos Group” or the “Company”), an innovative global cannabinoid company, today announced that Mike Gorenstein, Executive Chairman, is scheduled to speak on a panel at the Cowen 2020 Boston Cannabis Conference on Wednesday, December 2, 2020 at 9:20 a.m. EST.

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